Thermal and structural analysis of high-tin bronze of chemical composition corresponding to the composition of the singing bowl

Abstract

Technical copper alloys with tin are commonly named bronzes. Modern tin bronzes used in industry contain between 1 and 9 at.% of tin. Those alloys are used mostly for mechanical working. An increase in tin content in bronzes cooled in standard conditions results with appearance next to heterogeneous structure α and also other structures, including adverse phase δ. In ancient times, bronzes with tin content up to 14 at.% were used in order to manufacture ornaments or items used for everyday life such as singing bowl. An analysis of discussed bowl structure indicated dominant b 0 1 and c 0 1 martensite phase, which is an evidence of quenching in order to preserve the high-temperature β and γ phase structure. The main goal of this work was to obtain high-tin bronze structure corresponding to phases identified in singing bowl. On the basis of chemical composition and structural analysis of the singing bowl, a binary technical alloy was prepared by induction melting process. On such prepared alloy, a differential thermal analysis was performed in order to determine the presence of phase transitions. Based on results of thermal analysis, the temperature ranges and cooling conditions of heat treatment were investigated in order to perform structural analysis. Additionally, the structure of the alloy was analyzed in context to achieve a similar martensite phase as a matrix with α secondary phase.

Microstructural and Thermal Characterization of 316L + WC Composite Coatings Obtained by Laser Cladding

“…This helped to identify individual peaks when overlapping occurred. [17,38] Furthermore, dilatometer tests were conducted on a NETZSCH DIL 402C apparatus. Dilatometer tests consisted of a reheating stage up to 1200 C followed by cooling down to room temperature to detect metastable phases that had been formed at high cooling rates during LC.…”

Electrochemical Corrosion Properties of Ternary Al and Quaternary Zr Added Bell Metal in 0.1M NaCl Solution

“…Due to its attractive color, this alloy material has also a large extent of use in making utensils, pottery, coins, vessels, ornaments, monuments, sculptures, statues etc. [6,7]. Bell metal alloys are conventionally found in gear, bushing or bearing type applications due to its ability to endure high strengths and heavy loads [8].…”

Characterization and Conservation Study of Ancient Egyptian Bronze Bells

“…Bronzes with varying tin content were produced for different purposestools, chandeliers, statues, coins, and later canons and bells. In ancient times, daily used objects such as bells were manufactured from high-tin bronze [8,9]. They are usually compounded of copper and tin, in the proportions of three of copper to one of tin [2].…”