Thermal and mechanical properties of PE/organoclay nanocomposites

Araújo, Edcleide Maria; Barbosa, Renata; Oliveira, Amanda Dantas de; Morais, C.R.S.; deMélo, T. J. A.; Souza, A. G.

doi:10.1007/s10973-006-7758-0

Cited by 41 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The results for mechanical properties of pure PA6 and their nanocomposites also revealed that the processing condition used in this For the nanocomposites, it can be observed the absence of the characteristics peak from clay and this can indicate a nanocomposite with exfoliated structure, according to literature Araújo et al [7][8][9][10] , i.e., apparently, all nanocomposites presented exfoliated structure as reported by Cho and Paul, Sinhá Ray and Okamoto and Paz [11][12][13] . Theses results are confirmed in this work by TEM analysis.…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…The preparation of the organophilic MMT with Cetremide salt was similar but the mixture in distilled water was heated at 80 ± 5 °C and they were kept for 20 minutes with stirring to form a uniformly dispersed suspension. After 24 hours, the same procedure above was made for mixture of montmorillonite and the salt, according to the procedure described by Araújo et al [7][8][9][10] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The used quaternary ammonium salts for the modification of MMT were: alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (Dodigen), hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (Genamin), industrial grades supplied by Clariant/Brazil and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (Cetremide), industrial grade from Vetec/Brazil. These salts were used as received according to the literature [7][8][9][10] . …”

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Structure and mechanical properties of polyamide 6/Brazilian clay nanocomposites

et al. 2009

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and also to evaluate the structure and mechanical properties of the obtained nanocomposites. Experimental MaterialsPolyamide 6 (PA6) was supplied by Rhodia ® /Brazil. The used pristine clay was Na-Montmorillonite clay (MMT, Boa Vista/Paraíba, Northeast of Brazil) supplied by Bentonit União Nordeste with a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 90 meq.100 g -1 and the interlayer spacing (d 001 ) obtained by XRD was 12.74 Å. MMT was dried at 60 °C for 48 hours prior to use. The used quaternary ammonium salts for the modification of MMT were: alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (Dodigen), hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (Genamin), industrial grades supplied by Clariant/Brazil and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (Cetremide), industrial grade from Vetec/Brazil. These salts were used as received according to the literature [7][8][9][10] . Preparation of organoclayThe preparation of the organophilic montmorillonite with Dodigen and Genamin salts was similar: The Na-MMT was mixed in distilled water with stirring to form a uniformly dispersed suspension. The suspension was stirred for 20 minutes after all the clay has been added. And then, the salt equivalent to 1:1 CEC of Na-MMT was added into the dispersion. The mixture was stirred for more 20 minutes. After 24 hours, the mixture of montmorillonite and the salt were washed with distilled water for several times to remove IntroductionPolymer clay nanocomposites are a new class of materials that show improved properties at very low concentration of clay compared with conventional filler composites 1 . Polymer composites have been attracted considerable interest as they offer unusual combinations of physical, thermal, mechanical and other properties that are difficult to obtain from pure polymers. Polymer nanocomposites can be differentiated from traditional polymer composites by the size of the filler. Usually, the particle size of the dispersed phase in the nanocomposites should have at least one dimension in nanometer 2 . Because of the nanoscale features of the filler, nanocomposites possess superior properties over their more conventional microcomposites. These properties can be accomplished at very low concentration of clay (a few %) incorporated in these nanocomposites 3,4 . The key to such performance is related to the ability of exfoliate and disperse individual particles and the high-aspect ratio silicate platelets within the polymer matrix. Recent studies have explored exfoliated structures from organoclays in a wide range of polymer matrices using different processing routes 5 . To date, well-exfoliated composites have been achieved only with a selected number of polymers, for instance, nylon 6, polystyrene, polyimide and epoxies 6 . From these, nylon 6 is particularly unique since exfoliated nanocomposites have been formed by more than one processing technique. The technique of melt processing is particularly attractive due to its versatility and compatibility with existing processing used in the industry for commercial applications 5 . The aim of this wor...

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Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Structure and mechanical properties of polyamide 6/Brazilian clay nanocomposites

et al. 2009

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“…A argila organofílica (ORG) apresentou espaçamentos basais (d 001 =45,50 Ǻ, d 002 =37,72 Ǻ e d 003 =18,62 Ǻ), possivelmente devido a alguma quantidade de argila não intercalada [14] . Uma explicação seria que o aparecimento de vários espaçamentos basais durante a intercalação parece está associado à não uniformidade da distribuição dos íons de sódio entre as camadas do argilomineral e a troca seletiva do sódio pelo cátion do sal [15] .…”

Section: Difração De Raios-x (Drx): Intercalação Por Fusão E Intercalunclassified

Influência da argila vermiculita brasileira na biodegradação de filmes de PHB

et al. 2015

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ResumoEste trabalho teve como objetivo preparar e avaliar filmes PHB/vermiculita natural e modificada nas quantidades em peso de 1%, 3% e 6% através dos métodos intercalação por fusão e intercalação por solução. Os bionanocompósitos obtidos pelo método intercalação por fusão foram preparados em uma extrusora monorosca e posteriormente os filmes foram moldados via compressão. Na preparação dos filmes por solução, os sistemas foram submetidos à agitação e aquecimento a 80 °C. Os sistemas foram avaliados por difração de raios-X e o comportamento de biodegradação foi avaliado de acordo com a norma ASTM G 160-03. O acompanhamento da biodegradação foi realizado por meio de inspeção visual e perda de massa. Observou-se que o percentual de argila e o método de obtenção dos filmes influenciaram na estrutura formada e na biodegradação dos sistemas. Palavras-chave: polímeros biodegradáveis, argila vermiculita, ensaio de biodegradação, bionanocompósitos. AbstractThis study aimed to prepare and to evaluate natural and modified PHB /vermiculite films in quantities of 1%, 3% and 6% by weight, through melt intercalation and solution intercalation methods. The bionanocomposites in the form of thin films, obtained by the melt intercalation method, were prepared in a single screw extruder and then molded via compression. In the preparation of the films by solution method, the systems were stirred and heated at 80 °C in the presence of the chloroform solvent. The systems were evaluated by X-ray diffraction and the degradation behavior was evaluated according to ASTM G 160-03, by visual inspection and through weight loss. It was observed that the percentage of clay and the method of obtaining of the films influenced in the structure and biodegradability of the systems.

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“…The organophilization of clay was accomplished through the exchange of sodium ions present in the lamellar of the clay by ammonium ions to produce the organoclay at 100% cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the clay, according to studies by Araújo et al 17,18 . The preparation of systems of HDPE/organoclay/ compatibilizer polar was initially performed with a master of compatibilizer/organoclay (PE-g-MA/Clay) in an internal mixer coupled with to torque rheometer of Haake Bluchler.…”

Section: Preparation Of Organoclay and Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of processing variables on the mechanical behavior of HDPE/clay nanocomposites

et al. 2012

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Nanocomposites were processed using the technique of melt intercalation, starting from a concentrated polar compatibilizer/organoclay (PE-g-MA/organoclay) prepared in an internal mixer. The concentrate was incorporated into the matrix of HDPE by two methods: I) counter-rotating twin-screw extruder and II) co-rotating twin-screw extruder, using two screw profiles (ROS and 2KB90). After extrusion, the specimens of the extruded composites were injection molded. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique was used to analyze the degree of expansion of the prepared clays. To analyze the degree of exfoliation of obtained nanocomposites, XRD and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) were used. The influence of processing variables on mechanical properties was studied through the behavior of the modulus and tensile strength of nanocomposite systems. By XRD and TEM, it was seen that the clay was well dispersed in the matrix and the presence of intercalated and partially exfoliated hybrid structure for nanocomposites was observed when the systems were prepared in counter-rotating twin-screw extruder. A similar behavior was observed in the use of screws (2KB90 or ROS) of the nanocomposites, with a reduction in modulus and tensile strength. Although the mixing process by extruding be the most common industrial practice, and also it is the preferred strategy for the preparation of polymer nanocomposites, much of the literature was directed to the study of chemical modification of clay, type and level of compatibilizer, in order to maximize the compatibility between clay and the polymeric matrix. On the other hand, studies about the role of the processing and configurations of screws are relatively scarce. The main motivation of this work was to expand and to contribute to spread a better understanding of the effects of processing to obtain polymer nanocomposites.

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Thermal and mechanical properties of PE/organoclay nanocomposites

Cited by 41 publications

References 14 publications

Structure and mechanical properties of polyamide 6/Brazilian clay nanocomposites

Structure and mechanical properties of polyamide 6/Brazilian clay nanocomposites

Influência da argila vermiculita brasileira na biodegradação de filmes de PHB

Influence of processing variables on the mechanical behavior of HDPE/clay nanocomposites

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