Thermal and Catalytic Amidation of Stearic Acid with Ethanolamine for Production of Pharmaceuticals and Surfactants

One‐pot solvent‐free transformation of natural triglycerides to ester and amide derivatives over CaO@KC nanostructured catalysts

“…26,27 Though, the use of the heterogeneous catalyst for the direct amidation of fatty acids using alkanol amines have been investigated scarcely. [28][29][30][31] Most of the time, the heterogeneous catalyst-based reactions were carried out in the presence of solvents viz, an excess of acetic acid was used with supported iron catalyst (yield = 96%, time 1-5 hours) and Fe-beta zeolites (yield = 52%, time 15 minutes). 32,33 For solvent-free conditions, Sn IV complexes, 34 the Deoxo-Fluor reagent, 35 Sm III complexes, 36 and dithiocarbamates 37 have been employed to obtain the desired amide derivates.…”

“…To make the process more industrial benign and cheaper, and to avoid the tedious catalyst separation, the use of heterogeneous catalysts could be an attractive option that can provide easy separation, reusability, and high FFA and moisture content resistance . Though, the use of the heterogeneous catalyst for the direct amidation of fatty acids using alkanol amines have been investigated scarcely . Most of the time, the heterogeneous catalyst‐based reactions were carried out in the presence of solvents viz, an excess of acetic acid was used with supported iron catalyst (yield = 96%, time 1‐5 hours) and Fe‐beta zeolites (yield = 52%, time 15 minutes) .…”

The Effect of Duration of Amidation of Fatty Acids with Diethanolamine on the Surfactant Properties

“…Ethanolamides of fatty acids (FA) are among the most important classes of nitrogen-containing nonionic surfactants. These products are widely used as components of detergents, foam stabilizers in cosmetic preparations, wetting agents and antistatics, dispersants, corrosion inhibitors, and so on (Adewuyi et al, 2012;Ahmad, 2017;Farn, 2007;Lokhande et al, 2013;Maag, 1984;Mäki-Arvela et al, 2016;Myers, 2005). Ethanolamides also serve as raw materials for production of other classes of surfactants, e.g., oxyethylated ethanolamides (Ahmad, 2017;Folmer et al, 2001), their sulfoesters (Kamalakar et al, 2014), borates (Boshui et al, 2013), and so on.…”

“…Such products are oil-soluble, possess low hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) values (2-3 units) and, thus, are considered effective emulsifiers of water-inoil emulsions that are widely used, for example, in oil and gas production (Bondarenko et al, 2015;Fink, 2013;Ibragimov et al, 2017;Mardashov and Rogachev, 2014;Minaev et al, 2014;Rogachev et al, 2011). The main methods to prepare ethanolamides comprise aminolysis of FA esters, including triacylglycerols (TAG) and ethanolamines (Adewuyi, 2014;Adewuyi et al, 2012;De Almeida et al, 2013;Kumar et al, 2015Kumar et al, , 2016Wang et al, 2016), and direct FA amidation with ethanolamines (Boshui et al, 2013;Dardir et al, 2014;Lokhande et al, 2013;Mäki-Arvela et al, 2016;Yanovsky et al, 2013). Currently, the former method finds the greatest application due to the "soft" conditions of the aminolysis process, the simplicity of the hardware design, and the availability of raw materials.…”

“…The reason for this is as follows. The reaction of FA and monoethanolamine results in the formation of an equilibrium mixture of amide, ester, and amido ester (Butler et al, 1978;Maag, 1984;Mäki-Arvela et al, 2016). All the reactions that occur during this process are reversible.…”