“…Such numerical simulations are usually performed on the basis of a 2D model of a transversal section (Bajwa, 2002) or a 3D model of the whole packaging (Bajwa et al, 2004), (Lo Frano et al, 2011), (Lo Frano et al, 2014), (Pugliese et al, 2010), with radiation boundary conditions to represent the heat flux exchanged between the fire and the cask, heat conduction in the solid parts of the system, in some cases partial melting of the content (Sanyal et al, 2011), or convection (natural or/and forced if a ventilation system is involved, mainly for storage casks (Alyokhina, 2018)) in the air volumes. Equivalence methods can be used to represent the complex multilayer structure of the cask wall and contents (including air gaps) (Xu et al, 2013), (Alyokhina and Kostikov, 2014). The model is then solved using the finite element method (FEM) or the finite volume method (FVM).…”