There are 4, not 7, cardinal movements in labor

Iversen, J.K.; Kahrs, B.H.; Eggebø, T. M.

doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2021.100436

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This could be explained by the cardinal movement, the rotation of fetal body position to adapt the cavity in birth canal. The cardinal movements mostly occur during the second stage of labor and accordingly disproportion or resistance of the maternal pelvic cavity and the fetus becomes apparent [15]. In general, the vertex or cephalic presentation of fetuses enter the pelvis with the sagittal suture lying in the transverse diameter of pelvis [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obstetric factors and neonatal outcomes of depressed skull fractures in newborns

Choi,

Cho,

Kim

et al. 2024

Arch Gynecol Obstet

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Purpose To determine the obstetric factors affecting the development of depressed skull fracture in neonates. Materials and methods This was a retrospectively cohort study on neonates born between July 2016 and August 2021. Neonates diagnosed with depressed skull fractures within one week of birth through X-ray and/or brain ultrasonography were included, and their mothers' obstetric characteristics were reviewed. Results There were 12 cases in 6791 live births. Five women were over 35 years old. All except two were nulliparous. Five cases were delivered from labor induction and others presented with spontaneous labor. Except for two cases, delivery occurred within an hour after full cervical dilatation. Two cases were assisted by vacuum. None displayed fetal distress signs such as low Apgar scores below 7, meconium staining, and umbilical cord pH under 7.2. All depressed fractures were found in the right parietal area. Three cases resulted in focal hyperechoic lesion in brain ultrasonography and two of them showed small hemorrhage-like lesion in magnetic resonance imaging. All depressed skull fractures improved within 6 months in followed X-rays or ultrasonography. Conclusions There was no definitely associated obstetric condition for depressed skull fracture of neonates although nulliparous women were majority of the affected cases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obstetric factors and neonatal outcomes of depressed skull fractures in newborns

Choi,

Cho,

Kim

et al. 2024

Arch Gynecol Obstet

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“…In last years, an ultrasound pelvimetry has been developed, which considers angles and distances, to evaluate the descent, internal rotation of the fetal head. The parameters most used in clinical practice are: the Angle of Progression [36] , the angle of Internal Rotation [37] , the symphysis pubis distance [38] and the direction of the fetal head in the pelvis [39] , [40] . Patients who labor under neuraxial analgesia(NLA) with visual feedback have more acceptance of a prolonged labour [41] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrapartum ultrasound and mother acceptance: A study with informed consent and questionnaire

Malvasi,

Damiani,

Edoardo

et al. 2023

European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductiv

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Descent of the presenting part assessed with ultrasound

Eggebø

Hjartardóttir

2024

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

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Fetal head descent can be expressed as fetal station and engagement. Station is traditionally based on clinical vaginal examination of the distal part of the fetal skull and related to the level of the ischial spines. Engagement is based on a transabdominal examination of the proximal part of the fetal head above the pelvic inlet. Clinical examinations are subjective, and objective measurements of descent are warranted. Ultrasound is a feasible diagnostic tool in labor, and fetal lie, station, position, presentation, and attitude can be examined. This review presents an overview of fetal descent examined with ultrasound. Ultrasound was first introduced for examining fetal descent in 1977. The distance from the sacral tip to the fetal skull was measured with A-mode ultrasound, but more convenient transperineal methods have since been published. Of those, progression distance, angle of progression, and head-symphysis distance are examined in the sagittal plane, using the inferior part of the symphysis pubis as reference point. Head-perineum distance is measured in the frontal plane (transverse transperineal scan) as the shortest distance from perineum to the fetal skull, representing the remaining part of the birth canal for the fetus to pass. At high stations, the fetal head is directed downward, followed with a horizontal and then an upward direction when the fetus descends in the birth canal and deflexes the head. Head descent may be assessed transabdominally with ultrasound and measured as the suprapubic descent angle. Many observational studies have shown that fetal descent assessed with ultrasound can predict labor outcome before induction of labor, as an admission test, and during the first and second stage of labor. Labor progress can also be examined longitudinally. The International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology recommends using ultrasound in women with prolonged or arrested first or second stage of labor, when malpositions or malpresentations are suspected, and before an operative vaginal delivery. One single ultrasound parameter cannot tell for sure whether an instrumental delivery is going to be successful. Information about station and position is a prerequisite, but head direction, presentation, and attitude also should be considered.

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There are 4, not 7, cardinal movements in labor

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

Obstetric factors and neonatal outcomes of depressed skull fractures in newborns

Obstetric factors and neonatal outcomes of depressed skull fractures in newborns

Intrapartum ultrasound and mother acceptance: A study with informed consent and questionnaire

Descent of the presenting part assessed with ultrasound

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