Therapeutic strategies for drug‐resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles

Abstract

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a widely prevalent opportunistic pathogen. Multiple resistant strains of PA have emerged from excessive or inappropriate use of antibiotics, making their eradication increasingly difficult. Therefore, the search for highly efficient and secure novel antimicrobial agents is crucial. According to reports, there is an increasing exploration of nanometals for antibacterial purposes. The antibacterial mechanisms involving the nanomaterials themselves, the release of ions, and the induced oxidative stress causing leakage and damage to biomolecules are widely accepted. Additionally, the study of the cytotoxicity of metal nanoparticles is crucial for their antibacterial applications. This article summarizes the types of metal nanomaterials and metal oxide nanomaterials that can be used against PA, their respective unique antibacterial mechanisms, cytotoxicity, and efforts made to improve antibacterial performance and reduce toxicity, including combination therapy with other materials and antibiotics, as well as green synthesis approaches.

Influence of Physicochemical Properties of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Their Antibacterial Activity

“…252,253 Therefore, a combined mechanism is initiated against eliminating bacteria; hence, the potency of IONPs increases. 254 Additionally, surface modification approaches can help address IONPs' main drawbacks, such as stability issues, cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, and moderate antibacterial activity. 149,255 Biopolymers such as PEG and chitosan are used as coating material to modify the surface of IONPs.…”

“…Though IONPs have several limitations as therapeutic agents, these limitations can be minimized using biocompatible precursors and surface modification. For instance, in the GRS synthesis method, bioreductants, which consist of phytochemicals with prior antimicrobial activity, are used instead of chemicals. , Therefore, a combined mechanism is initiated against eliminating bacteria; hence, the potency of IONPs increases . Additionally, surface modification approaches can help address IONPs’ main drawbacks, such as stability issues, cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, and moderate antibacterial activity. , Biopolymers such as PEG and chitosan are used as coating material to modify the surface of IONPs. , These biopolymers consist of antibacterial and biocompatible properties .…”

A Photochemically Active Cu2O Nanoparticle Endows Scaffolds with Good Antibacterial Performance by Efficiently Generating Reactive Oxygen Species

“…The results indicated that the composite material has good antibacterial activity, which is higher than that of pure silver nanoparticles. It is worth noting that the excessive release of metal ions can lead to cytotoxicity and ultimately damage normal tissues [ 10 , 11 ]. To overcome the above obstacles, it is particularly important to develop a safe and efficient antibacterial strategy.…”