Therapeutic Responses and Predictors of Low-Dose Interleukin-2 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Abstract

Objective. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is effective and well tolerated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, patient response to IL-2 therapy varies. Therefore, biomarkers are needed to efficiently identify patients who may respond well to IL-2 treatment. We investigated clinical and immunological biomarkers to predict low-dose IL-2 responses.Methods. A pooled post-hoc analysis was performed in SLE patients who received low-dose IL-2 treatment in two clinical trials. Factors predicting responses in clinical and T-cell subset changes were evaluated by logistic regression. Good response (GR) and poor response (PR) were defined according to whether patients achieved or did not achieve an SLE Responder Index-4 (SRI-4), respectively.Results. A good response at 68% of patients was achieved in the lower Treg group, compared to 0% in the higher Treg group. A good response at 68% was achieved in patients with lower Treg, compared to 0% in patients with higher Treg. In comparison to PR, GR was more strongly associated with low Treg proportions at baseline (12.85±6.07% vs. 9.43±2.82%, P<0.01). There were more patients with skin rash in the GR group than in the PR group (68.75% vs. 30.77%, P=0.042). Multivariate analysis showed that low Treg proportions and skin rash presence were both independently associated with GR to low-dose IL-2 treatment. A nomogram to identify GR probability exhibited a clear discrimination (concordance index, 0.812; 95% confidence interval, 0.64-0.97). Based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.813, the specificity of a low regulatory T cells (Tregs) proportion (≤13.35%) plus skin rash to predict GR to IL-2 therapy was 100%, with a sensitivity of 68.75%.Conclusion. A low Treg proportion and skin rash indicate GR to low-dose IL-2 treatment in SLE patients.Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov Registries ((NCT02465580 and NCT02084238).

Progress and prospects of biologics and small molecules for the treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

“…Low-dose IL-2 therapy can recover T follicular regulatory (Tfr) and T follicular (Tfh) immune balance [34]. A good response was achieved in patients with lower regulatory T cells (Treg) proportion and skin rash in SLE patients with low-dose IL-2 treatment [35]. Low dose of IL-2 combined with rapamycin was able to restore the number of Treg and the balance of Th17/Treg cells.…”