Therapeutic potential of pyrrole and pyrrolidine analogs: an update

Abstract

The chemistry of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound pyrrole and pyrrolidine has been a versatile field of study for a long time for its diverse biological and medicinal importance . Biomolecules such as chlorophyll, hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochrome are naturally occurring metal complexes of pyrrole. These metal complexes play a vital role in a living system like photosynthesis, oxygen carrier, as well storage, and redox cycling reactions. Apart from this, many medicinal drugs are derived from either pyrrole, pyrrolidine, or by its fused analogs. This review mainly focuses on the therapeutic potential of pyrrole, pyrrolidine, and its fused analogs, more specifically anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antituberculosis. Further, this review summarizes more recent reports on the pyrrole, pyrrolidine analogs, and their biological potential. Graphical Abstract

Investigation of embelin synthetic hybrids as potential COVID-19 and COX inhibitors: Synthesis, spectral analysis, DFT calculations and molecular docking studies

“…Their result suggests that these compounds exhibited significant X-linked inhibitors of apoptosis protein (which plays a critical role in cell death and inflammation) inhibition and apoptosis in various cancer cell lines, which is probably independent of inhibition [ 11 , 12 ]. In view of these findings and with the continuation of our research work on biologically active molecules [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , we herein were reporting the synthesis of embelin synthetic hybrids as cyclooxygenase inhibitors and molecular docking studies with SARS-CoV-2 omicron protease & cyclooxygenase enzyme. Initially, embelin was isolated from Embelia ribes fruit by our early reported method.…”

An insight into therapeutic efficacy of heterocycles as histone‐modifying enzyme inhibitors that targets cancer epigenetic pathways

“…et al, 2022; Sharma et al, 2021). Naturally, inspired molecules majorly constitute heterocycles (He, Gao, et al, 2021; Jeelan Basha et al, 2022). The chemistry of heterocyclic compounds has been known for medicinal properties (Lang et al, 2020; Jeelan Basha & Goudgaon, 2022; Mathada & Somappa, 2022; Nagesh et al, 2022).…”

New Pyrrole Derivatives as Promising Biological Agents: Design, Synthesis, Characterization, In Silico, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation

“…Due to the fact of its aromatic structure, pyrrole can react with various electrophiles, leading to a wide variety of compounds with biological potential, some of them having a crucial role in life processes. Numerous pyrrole derivatives have been reported to have various biological activities [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ], especially anticancer properties [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”

“…Semaxanib is also a protein kinase inhibitor that targets the VEGF pathway, producing antiangiogenic effects [ 29 ] ( Figure 1 ). In addition, other antitumoral agents containing a pyrrole core are used in therapy or are in clinical studies [ 22 ].…”