Therapeutic Potential of Microvesicles in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine of Ocular Diseases With an Especial Focus on Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Microvesicles

Abstract

These days, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), because of immunomodulatory and pro-angiogenic abilities, are known as inevitable factors in regenerative medicine and cell therapy in different diseases such as ocular disorder. Moreover, researchers have indicated that exosome possess an essential potential in the therapeutic application of ocular disease. MSC-derived exosome (MSC-DE) have been identified as efficient as MSCs for treatment of eye injuries due to their small size and rapid diffusion all over the eye. MSC-DEs easily transfer their ingredients such as miRNAs, proteins, and cytokines to the inner layer in the eye and increase the reconstruction of the injured area. Furthermore, MSC-DEs deliver their immunomodulatory cargos in inflamed sites and inhibit immune cell migration, resulting in improvement of autoimmune uveitis. Interestingly, therapeutic effects were shown only in animal models that received MSC-DE. In this review, we summarized the therapeutic potential of MSCs and MSC-DE in cell therapy and regenerative medicine of ocular diseases.

Bio-Inspired Nanocarriers Derived from Stem Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles for Targeted Drug Delivery

“…It can be said that microvesicles can effectively replace stem cell products in medical treatment as a natural paracrine substance of stem cells, and can effectively avoid various side effects or adverse reactions [ 156 ]. In addition, stem cells can also act as “mediators” between cells and balance the microenvironment through the intercellular communication conduction in the microenvironment, so as to reduce the damage caused by disease to the human body [ 157 , 158 ]. For example, in the context of cardiovascular disease treatment, microvesicles derived from iPSCs can demonstrate protective properties through signal transduction, thereby reducing inflammatory responses [ 159 ].…”

Extracellular vesicles as a new horizon in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory eye diseases: A narrative review of the literature

“…Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived Exos ameliorate laser-induced retinal injury by down-regulation of VEGF-A in rats ( 140 ). Moreover, MSC-derived Exos regulate macrophage polarization and diminish VEGF secretion, two known triggering mechanisms of CNV in AMD; thus, they are able to regulate abnormal neovascularization ( 141 , 142 ). EVs’ diagnostic and therapeutic applications in AMD are still in the early preclinical stages.…”