Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles

Abstract

Several studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells have the capacity to reverse acute and chronic kidney injury in different experimental models by paracrine mechanisms. This paracrine action may be accounted for, at least in part, by microvesicles (MVs) released from mesenchymal stem cells, resulting in a horizontal transfer of mRNA, microRNA and proteins. MVs, released as exosomes from the endosomal compartment, or as shedding vesicles from the cell surface, are now recognized as being an integral component of the intercellular microenvironment. By acting as vehicles for information transfer, MVs play a pivotal role in cell-to-cell communication. This exchange of information between the injured cells and stem cells has the potential to be bi-directional. Thus, MVs may either transfer transcripts from injured cells to stem cells, resulting in reprogramming of their phenotype to acquire specific features of the tissue, or conversely, transcripts could be transferred from stem cells to injured cells, restraining tissue injury and inducing cell cycle re-entry of resident cells, leading to tissue self-repair. Upon administration with a therapeutic regimen, MVs mimic the effect of mesenchymal stem cells in various experimental models by inhibiting apoptosis and stimulating cell proliferation. In this review, we discuss whether MVs released from mesenchymal stem cells have the potential to be exploited in novel therapeutic approaches in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues, as an alternative to stem cell-based therapy.

Biphasic Polyurethane/Polylactide Sponges Doped with Nano-Hydroxyapatite (nHAp) Combined with Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine Applications

“…The pro-regenerative potential of MSCs is explained by their paracrine activity and the ability to deliver locally membrane derived vesicles (MVs) and exosomes, rich in a broad range of growth factors and regulatory RNAs. Although the role of membrane vesicles and exosomes in the course of regenerative process is still poorly described, it seems that they transfer to target cells molecules, such as proteins, lipids, RNAs and cytokines, including transforming growth factors (TGFs), bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), or vascular endothelial growth factors (ExoCarta database contains a comprehensive list of proteins, lipids, and RNAs associated with microvesicles) [16][17][18].…”

Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Versus their Conditioned Medium on Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Albino Rat. A Histological and Immunohistochemical Study

“…Microvesicles were also thought to contribute to the regenerative effect of BMSCs by inducing up-regulation of the antiapoptotic gene (BCL2) in tubular epithelial cells, and downregulation of caspases. Thus, by these ways, they prevent the development of chronic renal disease [36] .…”

Traumatic Penumbra: Opportunities for Neuroprotective and Neurorestorative Processes

“…The EV protein and RNA compositions generally reflect that of progenitor cells [211]. Their ability to transport molecules and to target specific cell Traumatic Brain Injury -Pathobiology, Advanced Diagnostics and Acute Managementpopulations raised possibilities for their development as therapeutic tools [212][213][214]. MSC-EVs seem to exert positive impacts on tissue-specific stem cells, promote angiogenesis, and suppress oxidative stress and fibrosis, and, noteworthy, may suppress pro-inflammatory responses in brain injury [215,216].…”