Therapeutic opportunities to manage COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 infection: Present and future

Abstract

A severe form of respiratory disease – COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, has evolved into a pandemic resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. The unabated spread of the disease is due to lack of vaccine and effective therapeutic agents against this novel virus. Hence, the situation demands an immediate need to explore all the plausible therapeutic and prophylactic strategies that can be made available to stem the spread of the disease. Towards this effort, the current review outlines the key aspects of the pathobiology associated with the morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients, which includes a viral response phase and an exaggerated host response phase. The review also summarizes therapeutic agents that are currently being explored along with those with potential for consideration. The broad groups of therapeutic agents discussed include those that: (i) block viral entry to host cells, (ii) block viral replication and survival in host cells, and (iii) dampen exaggerated host immune response. The various kinds of pharmaceutical prophylactic options that may be followed to prevent COVID-19 have also been discussed.

Knowledge and Awareness about Natural Immune Booster Among General Public

“…Covid -19 a pandemic disease called all over the world which threatens people's life. (Figure 10) 92% say natural immune boosters have a vital role in controlling this pandemic, since there is no proper vaccination found until today natural immune boosters have a large impact (Sethu et al, 2020). Sugar-based food is important for the hormonal balance to be certain, when the level increases have a higher risk of cavities, increase body weight, risk of diseases, affect the brain and the body too (Steyn and Temple, 2012).…”

Clinical course of COVID-19 disease in immunosuppressed renal transplant patients

“…Supportive care remains the mainstay of treatment for COVID-19, and there are currently no antiviral therapies with proven efficacy. Maintenance or increasing the dosage of steroid, withdrawal of antimetabolites and reduction of the dosage of CNIs was considered in patients with COVID-19 [5,[9][10][11][12]. In our study, we increased methylprednisolone or started dexamethasone therapy for all patients depending on the severity of the disease.…”

“…So far, different approaches proposed for the renal transplant patients with COVID-19 include stopping antimetabolites and/or stopping or reducing the dose of calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) and increasing the dose of maintenance steroids [7,8]. However, although there is no clear evidence, some authors have suggested that CNIs may be used for therapeutic purposes for COVID-19 and there is no need for discontinuation in patients with renal transplants [9]. In addition to these treatment options, dexamethasone, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, favipiravir, lopinavir/ritonavir, tocilizumab, and convalescent plasma have also been reported as treatment options, although their exact effects still remain controversial [10][11][12].…”

Overview of current adipose-derived stem cell (ADSCs) processing involved in therapeutic advancements: flow chart and regulation updates before and after COVID-19

“…The coronavirus did not infect MSC-infused cells compared to their progeny [ 170 ]; however, many criticisms should be considered to fully attain the cell therapy efficiency and patient safety. Little is known on the behavior of the patient immunity after the coronavirus infection, on the possible recurrence regarding some factor-associated patients.…”