Therapeutic nanotechnologies for Alzheimer’s disease: A critical analysis of recent trends and findings

Nanomodulators That Target Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review

“…Another class of drugs under clinical trial is the repurposed agents, mainly anti-inflammatory drugs, which highlight the putative role of inflammation on AD etiology as well as the observational studies of less prevalence of AD among the longterm user of such drugs. 60 Although nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs have failed to improve cognitive decline in clinical trial, still other classes of anti-inflammatory drugs are under clinical evaluation. The focused mechanisms of targeted API include antibody-mediated activation of microglia, antagonists of leukotriene, inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production and binding to receptor, and increase of the anti-inflammatory cytokine expression level.…”

“…In average, NPs follow a median distribution corresponding to the 0.26% of administered dose regardless of other critical parameters such as administration route and imaging techniques. 60 In addition, a few studies have shown a 1000% relative increase in estimated brain distribution of the API via nanoform as compared to the free drug. 60 It is also evident that a minimal increment of the brain distribution of potent API has a significant impact on the pharmacodynamics of the drug.…”

“…60 In addition, a few studies have shown a 1000% relative increase in estimated brain distribution of the API via nanoform as compared to the free drug. 60 It is also evident that a minimal increment of the brain distribution of potent API has a significant impact on the pharmacodynamics of the drug. Typical nanoformulations of API have led to an enhanced half-life of the encapsulated drug, targeted delivery, efficacy, and lesser toxicity issue, and also provide a significant up-lift from the inherent drawback of conventional molecular drugs, protein/peptide, or biological therapeutics.…”

Recent advances in nanotechnology for combating Alzheimer's disease

“…Although various hypotheses, such as the amyloid cascade hypothesis and the tau hyper-phosphorylation hypothesis, 49,50 have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of AD, the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. 51 In this section, we will present recent widely studied targets for AD treatment, including toxic amyloid-beta peptides and tau proteins, disordered microglial cells and neurons, and neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress brain microenvironment.…”

Deep Tissue Penetration of Bottle-Brush Polymers via Cell Capture Evasion and Fast Diffusion

“…Control of biodistribution also impacts the drug’s residence time in the bloodstream and, therefore, its therapeutic index and efficacy. After several decades of development and hundreds of clinical trials, nanomedicines have struggled to reach the market, questioning the very foundations of their design principles. − Recent reports have shattered the paradigm of drug targeting used by many ligand-decorated nanocarriers (NCs) by suggesting that only a small fraction of drug accumulates in targeted tissues, which most of the time equals the accumulated amount obtained in untargeted systems. ,− This debate urges scientist to rethink their methodological approach to design drug delivery systems, starting not necessarily from the drug itself but rather from the NC and optimizing its capacity to better navigate inside living organisms . NCs capable of deep penetration into tissues are scarce or even nonexistent.…”