Therapeutic mechanisms of mulberry leaves in type 2 diabetes based on metabolomics

Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is considered as one of the most significant metabolic syndromes worldwide, and the long-term use of the drugs already on the market for T2D often gives rise to some side effects. The mulberry leaf (ML), Morus alba L., has advantages in terms of its comprehensive therapeutic efficacy, which are characterized as multicomponent, multitarget, multipathway, and matching with the complex pathological mechanisms of diabetes.Methods: T2D rats were established by a high-fat diet combined with an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin; an evaluation of the hypoglycemic effects of the ML in combination with fasting blood glucose and other indicators, in addition to the utilization of metabolomics technology, was performed to analysis the metabolite changes in serum of rats.Results: MLs significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose of T2D rats, while improving the symptoms of polyphagia and polyuria. ML treatment altered the levels of various metabolites in the serum of T2D rats, which are involved in multiple metabolic pathways (amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid metabolism), played a role in antioxidative stress and anti-inflammation, modulated immune and gluconeogenesis processes, and improved obesity as well as insulin resistance (IR).Conclusion: The ML contains a variety of chemical components, and metabolomic results have shown that MLs regulate multiple metabolic pathways to exert hypoglycemic effects, suggesting that MLs may have great promise in the development of new hypoglycemic drugs.

Effect of Arabinoxylan from Wastewater Generated during Vital Wheat Gluten Production on Liver Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetic Mice

“…According to the metabolic pathways, heatmaps were constructed to display the abundances of metabolites involved in these pathways (Figure 6D-F). Figure 6F showed that AX400 affected the seven metabolic pathways by regulating the levels of 16 differential metabolites (upregulate dephospho-CoA (1), coenzyme A (1), Guanosine diphosphate (2), hypoxanthine (2), inosine (2), uric acid (2), L-phenylalanine (4,7), and downregulate D-4phosphopantothenate (1), L-valine (1,6), uracil (1), xanthine (2), guanine (2), arachidonic acid (3), leukotriene C4 (3), 5,6-DHET (3), 5,10-methylene-THF ( 5)). The trend of perturbed metabolites in the callback indicated that AX-induced protection against T2DM in mice was associated with metabolic pathways.…”

“…With the ongoing enhancement of people's living standards, diabetes has become more prevalent [1]. The escalating prevalence of diabetes and the concomitant surge in healthcare expenditures impose a colossal burden on global systems related to society, finance, and health [2].…”

Identifying potential therapeutic targets of mulberry leaf extract for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis

“…In China, mulberry ( Morus alba L.) leaf has been used as a traditional medicine or functional food for the treatment of T2DM, with a history dating back to the sixteenth century, recorded in Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica (“Ben Cao Gang Mu” in Chinese) [ 12 ]. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that the aqueous [ 13 ] and alcoholic [ 14 ] extracts of mulberry leaf and their polysaccharides [ 15 ], flavonoids [ 16 , 17 ], alkaloids [ 18 ], phenolic acids [ 19 ], and other components are effective in preventing and treating T2DM [ 20 ]. 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ), a piperidine alkaloid isolated from mulberry leaf, is an α-glucosidase inhibitor and considered as one of the effective chemicals for anti-hyperglycemic [ 21 , 22 ].…”