Therapeutic management of cystitis ascending to acute renal failure in a dog- a case report

Abstract

Cystitis, most prevalent among female dogs, is characterized by infection and inflammation of the urinary bladder. The occurrence is mainly due to bacterial origin (ascending pathway) but also arises in the case of cystolith, polyps, and tumors. Disease conditions like diabetes and Cushing's syndrome can predispose the animal to cystitis (Brown 2016). It clinically manifests as haematuria, abdominal discomfort, dysuria, and pollakiuria. Severe bacterial infections in the kidney may lead to Acute Renal Failure (ARF), as in accordance with (Stokes 2006), wherein there is a sudden decrease in renal function resulting in the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes like urea and creatinine. In addition, other etiological factors that would play a vital role in reducing renal blood flow are dehydration, heatstroke, snakebite poisoning, and bee sting resulting in acute renal failure (Bhardwaj 2021). The article describes different diagnostic modalities and treatment approaches to manage the dog suffering from cystitis concurrent with Acute Renal Failure with special reference to an ideal renal homemade diet. Case history and observationA female spayed Doberman aged thirteen years was referred to Small Animal Medicine Unit, Veterinary Clinical Complex, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry, with a history of incontinence in urination, vomiting, blood clots at the end of urine stream for about three months. On clinical examination, the dog was dull and lethargic, rectal temperature was 101.6 °F, mucus membrane was pale, the popliteal lymph node was palpable, and hematuria was observed at that time. The whole blood was collected from the cephalic vein in EDTA and clot activator tube for hematology and serum biochemistry examination, respectively, and blood values were estimated as per (Schalm et al 2010). Complete blood count revealed hemoglobin7.3g%, PCV 21.6%, Total leukocyte count (TLC) 10,650 cells/cmm and thrombocytes 0.91 lakhs cells/cmm. The differential leukocyte count (DLC) exhibited Neutrophils 88%, Lymphocytes 9%, and Eosinophils 3%. Biochemical analyses of serum samples showed increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 40 mg/dl and creatinine 4 mg/dl. Urine was collected through catheterization and was subjected to physical, microscopic examination, culture, and antibiogram. Urine was pale yellow and cloudy with red blood cells and epithelial cells. Cytological examination of the urinary sediments revealed numerous RBCs, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and epithelial cells. The urine sample was cultured for an anti-microbial susceptibility test. It showed the presence of gram-negative coccobacilli organism and was found to be sensitive to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and chloramphenicol while intermediately sensitive to cefotaxime and amikacin. Ultrasonography Abstract A thirteen-year-old spayed female Doberman with a history of incontinence urination, blood at the end of urine stream for about three months. Clinical examination showed normal vital parameters with abnormal urine. Haemogram and ser...