Therapeutic Management of Camel Pox - A Case report

Kachhawaha, Subhash; Srivastava, Mukesh; Kachhawa, J. P.; Tanwar, Mahendra; Sharma, A.; Singh, Navin Kumar; Kachwaha, K.; Rathore, Sameer; Tanwar, Renu

doi:10.14737/journal.aavs/2014/2.4.239.241

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In this study, infected camels had higher levels of Hb, PCV, and platelets, and lower levels of WBCs and leukocytes. In agreement with previous reports (Kachhawaha et al, 2014;Narnaware et al, 2018), hyperproteinemia in camels infected with the camelpox virus in India was attributed to anorexia related to mouth lesions. Moreover, Bhanuprakash et al (2010) indicated that camels infected with camelpox exhibited an increase in Hb and PCV and a significant reduction in WBC and lymphocyte counts.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Clinicopathological Investigations Among Recurrent Camelpox Outbreaks in Omanis’ Arabian Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Alkharusi,

Al Khaldi,

Al-Sharji

et al. 2023

Austral J Vet Sci

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Camelpox remains a widespread viral disease in camelids, with socioeconomic relevance. The present study explored the hematological, biochemical, and histopathological alterations in dromedary-racing camels from the North of Oman infected with camelpox virus diagnosed by real-time PCR. Blood and skin samples were collected from camels with clinical signs and skin lesions (n=4) and from healthy camels (n=3) from 10 different camel herds. The results indicated that the infected camels showed clinical signs, including pyrexia, lacrimation, nasal mucus discharge, affixed and swollen eyelids, emaciation, and pimples on the skin of the head, legs, and abdomen. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets were significantly greater, with a significant reduction in leukocyte and lymphocyte counts in infected camels than in healthy camels. Infected camels had higher CK and creatinine levels and hepatic-related metabolites, including AST, ALP, AST, GGT, and LDH, than the apparently healthy camels. Histopathological examination of skin scab samples revealed ballooning degeneration of epidermal cells in the presence of typical large eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and suppurative dermatitis following secondary bacterial infection in all examined infected camels. Camelpox viral DNA was detected using real-time PCR in the blood and skin samples of all infected camels. These findings in dromedary-racing camels associated with a molecular diagnosis of camelpox are described for the first time in the Sultanate of Oman. Therefore, further studies are warranted.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Clinicopathological Investigations Among Recurrent Camelpox Outbreaks in Omanis’ Arabian Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Alkharusi,

Al Khaldi,

Al-Sharji

et al. 2023

Austral J Vet Sci

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“…This finding is contrary to the general belief that severe and systemic form of camelpox mostly affects young camels (2–3 years old) and the disease is milder in old camels ( Wernery and Kaaden, 2002 ; Bayisa 2019 ; Balamurugan et al., 2009 ). The outbreaks of camelpox with more severe form were mostly reported during the rainy season in endemic countries ( Mayer and Czerny, 1990 ; Wernery et al., 1997 ; Wernery and Kaaden, 2002 ; Bayisa, 2019 ; Kachhawaha et al., 2014 ). However the present and previous outbreaks reported in recent past from India showed the disease incidence in winter season ( Dahiya et al., 2017 ; Narnaware et al., 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The incidence of camelpox has been frequently reported from all the camel rearing countries of the world especially the developing countries of Asia and Africa in the recent past ( Mohammadpour et al., 2020 ). In India, camelpox is an endemic disease and sporadic outbreaks often reported among camel population of organized and unorganized herds in which they are maintained in a semi intensive system or in open grazing areas by pastoralists mainly from North West part (Rajasthan) of India ( Balamurugan et al., 2009 ; Bhanuprakash et al., 2010 ; Nagarajan et al., 2013 ; Kachhawaha et al., 2014 ; Dahiya et al., 2017 ; Narnaware et al., 2018 ). However, since most of the camel farmers in India are nomadic and there is lack of diagnostic facilities at many of the remote areas along their tracks, reporting and regular documentation of morbidity and mortality data of camelpox is not possible ( Dahiya et al., 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathological and molecular investigations of systemic form of camelpox in naturally infected adult male dromedary camels in India

Narnaware

Ranjan

Dahiya

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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Camelpox is a wide-spread infectious viral disease of camelids. An outbreak of camelpox was reported in 15 adult male dromedary camels aged between 10 to 16 years of an organized herd in winter season. The infected camels showed clinical signs of fever, anorexia, lachrymation, pendulous lips, excessive salivation and pock lesions on the skin of head, neck, mouth, lips, extremities, thigh, abdomen, scrotum and inguinal region. Mortalities were recorded in three infected camels after 10–12 days of infection and showed systemic pox lesions characterized by vesicles, papules, ulcerations and raised pock lesions in the mucous membranes of the mouth, tongue, tracheal mucosa, lung, abomasum and liver. Histopathology study revealed characteristic pox lesions with intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies in tongue. Lung showed lesion of interstitial pneumonia ( n = 2) and bronchointerstitial pneumonia ( n = 1). Liver showed infiltration of mononuclear cells around central veins and degenerative changes of hepatocytes. The abomasum and intestine showed ulcerations, marked capillary congestion and areas of lymphocyte infiltration in mucosa and submucosa. The presence of camelpox virus (CMLV) was confirmed in viral DNA isolated from formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues of tongue, lung, abomasum, liver, heart and intestine of infected camels by C18L gene PCR. The sequencing of viral DNAs showed phylogenetic relatedness with other CMLV isolates from India and other countries. Thus, our study confirmed the rare severe form of systemic camelpox outbreak in adult male dromedary camels hence future attention should be given for studies on virulence, strain identification and molecular epidemiology of CMLV for planning of effective preventive and control strategies.

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“…General non-specific treatment for infected camels is the administration of 10 mg/kg oxytetracycline and 0.2 mg/kg meloxicam for 5 days ( 18 ). A spray containing gamma benzene hexachloride, proflavine hemisulphate, cetrimide, eucalyptus oil, turpentine oil, and neem oil can also be used for wound therapy and fly control ( 18 ). Other ethnopharmacological applications are also widely used to treat camelpox ( 19 ).…”

Section: Infection With Poxviruses In Camelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Camel viral diseases: Current diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies

Kandeel

Al-Mubarak

2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Many pathogenic viruses infect camels, generally regarded as especially hardy livestock because of their ability to thrive in harsh and arid conditions. Transmission of these viruses has been facilitated by the commercialization of camel milk and meat and their byproducts, and vaccines are needed to prevent viruses from spreading. There is a paucity of information on the effectiveness of viral immunizations in camels, even though numerous studies have looked into the topic. More research is needed to create effective vaccines and treatments for camels. Because Camels are carriers of coronavirus, capable of producing a powerful immune response to recurrent coronavirus infections. As a result, camels may be a suitable model for viral vaccine trials since vaccines are simple to create and can prevent viral infection transfer from animals to humans. In this review, we present available data on the diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative strategies for the following viral diseases in camels, most of which result in significant economic loss: camelpox, Rift Valley fever, peste des petits ruminants, bovine viral diarrhea, bluetongue, rotavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and COVID-19. Although suitable vaccines have been developed for controlling viral infections and perhaps interrupting the transmission of the virus from the affected animals to blood-feeding vectors, there is a paucity of information on the effectiveness of viral immunizations in camels and more research is needed. Recent therapeutic trials that include specific antivirals or supportive care have helped manage viral infections.

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Therapeutic Management of Camel Pox - A Case report

Cited by 4 publications

References 5 publications

Clinicopathological Investigations Among Recurrent Camelpox Outbreaks in Omanis’ Arabian Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Clinicopathological Investigations Among Recurrent Camelpox Outbreaks in Omanis’ Arabian Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Pathological and molecular investigations of systemic form of camelpox in naturally infected adult male dromedary camels in India

Camel viral diseases: Current diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies

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