Therapeutic Effects of the Addition of Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 to Biodegradable Gelatin/Magnesium-Doped Calcium Silicate Hybrid 3D-Printed Scaffold with Enhanced Osteogenic Capabilities for Critical Bone Defect Restoration

Abstract

Worldwide, the number of bone fractures due to traumatic and accidental injuries is increasing exponentially. In fact, repairing critical large bone defects remains challenging due to a high risk of delayed union or even nonunion. Among the many bioceramics available for clinical use, calcium silicate-based (CS) bioceramics have gained popularity due to their good bioactivity and ability to stimulate cell behavior. In order to improve the shortcomings of 3D-printed ceramic scaffolds, which do not easily carry growth factors and do not provide good tissue regeneration effects, the aim of this study was to use a gelatin-coated 3D-printed magnesium-doped calcium silicate (MgCS) scaffold with genipin cross-linking for regulating degradation, improving mechanical properties, and enhancing osteogenesis behavior. In addition, we consider the effects of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) loaded into an MgCS scaffold with and without gelatin coating. Furthermore, we cultured the human Wharton jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSC) on the scaffolds and observed the biocompatibility, alkaline phosphatase activity, and osteogenic-related markers. Finally, the in vivo performance was assessed using micro-CT and histological data that revealed that the hybrid bioscaffolds were able to further achieve more effective bone tissue regeneration than has been the case in the past. The above results demonstrated that this type of processing had great potential for future clinical applications and studies and can be used as a potential alternative for future bone tissue engineering research, as well as having good potential for clinical applications.

3D-Printed Ginsenoside Rb1-Loaded Mesoporous Calcium Silicate/Calcium Sulfate Scaffolds for Inflammation Inhibition and Bone Regeneration

“…Multiple types of biomaterials such as hydrogel, ceramic, and metal have since been explored for clinical bone regeneration and repair [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Calcium silicate-based ceramic (CS) has demonstrated its expressed biocompatibility and osteoinductivity compared with calcium phosphate bioceramic, which can urge osteogenic differentiation of pre-osteoblasts by promoting the secretion of functional proteins [ 15 , 16 ]. Among them, the main reason is the presence of the silicon ion (Si), which has been found to modulate the activity of cellular behaviors, such as proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of primary cells [ 17 , 18 ].…”

Additive Manufacturing of Caffeic Acid-Inspired Mineral Trioxide Aggregate/Poly-ε-Caprolactone Scaffold for Regulating Vascular Induction and Osteogenic Regeneration of Dental Pulp Stem Cells

“…Sufficient porosity is needed to accommodate cell proliferation and differentiation, which will eventually enhance tissue formation [ 26 ]. It is also desirable for a scaffold to have high interconnectivity between pores for uniform cell seeding and distribution, nutrition support and efficient waste removal [ 27 ]. A good scaffold for hard tissue engineering should have approximately 100–400 µm of well-interconnected pores to support good tissue regeneration and the addition of CA into MTA did not affect such desired characteristics of the scaffolds.…”

Bidirectional Differentiation of Human-Derived Stem Cells Induced by Biomimetic Calcium Silicate-Reinforced Gelatin Methacrylate Bioink for Odontogenic Regeneration

“…The identification and development of suitable bioscaffolds capable of supporting hDPSCs and enhancing odontogenesis are critical aspects of tooth engineering [11]. An ideal scaffold should be non-toxic, yet bioactive, and most importantly, it should be able to provide a 3D microenvironment similar to native tissues that supports cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation [12][13][14]. In recent years, several studies demonstrated that the microenvironment of a 3D hydrogel is closer to the real situation than the 2D culture method because it can improve the proliferation and differentiation functions during the cell culture process [15].…”