Therapeutic effects of exercise: Wheel running reverses stress-induced interference with shuttle box escape.

Greenwood, Benjamin N.; Strong, Paul V.; Dorey, Alyrene; Fleshner, Monika

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.121.5.992

Cited by 67 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(91 reference statements)

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“…Daily exercise in humans has been shown to attenuate anxiety and depression (Kligman and Pepin, 1992;Antunes et al, 2005) and to stimulate learning capability (Hillman et al, 2008), and similar effects of voluntary wheel running on emotionality, stress coping and learning have been demonstrated in rodents (Greenwood et al, 2007;Pietropaolo et al, 2008;van Praag et al, 1999;Rhodes et al, 2003b). Although this is certainly interesting in light of the idea that obese individuals are more frequently depressed than lean ones (McElroy et al, 2004), it does not necessarily mean that individuals display a high level of voluntary activity to 'subconsciously medicate' themselves.…”

Section: Personality Correlates Of Physical Activitymentioning

confidence: 95%

The biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives

Garland

Schutz

Chappell

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

376

434

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Summary Mammals expend energy in many ways, including basic cellular maintenance and repair, digestion, thermoregulation, locomotion, growth and reproduction. These processes can vary tremendously among species and individuals, potentially leading to large variation in daily energy expenditure (DEE). Locomotor energy costs can be substantial for large-bodied species and those with high-activity lifestyles. For humans in industrialized societies, locomotion necessary for daily activities is often relatively low, so it has been presumed that activity energy expenditure and DEE are lower than in our ancestors. Whether this is true and has contributed to a rise in obesity is controversial. In humans, much attention has centered on spontaneous physical activity (SPA) or non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), the latter sometimes defined so broadly as to include all energy expended due to activity, exclusive of volitional exercise. Given that most people in Western societies engage in little voluntary exercise, increasing NEAT may be an effective way to maintain DEE and combat overweight and obesity. One way to promote NEAT is to decrease the amount of time spent on sedentary behaviours (e.g. watching television). The effects of voluntary exercise on other components of physical activity are highly variable in humans, partly as a function of age, and have rarely been studied in rodents. However, most rodent studies indicate that food consumption increases in the presence of wheels; therefore, other aspects of physical activity are not reduced enough to compensate for the energetic cost of wheel running. Most rodent studies also show negative effects of wheel access on body fat, especially in males. Sedentary behaviours per se have not been studied in rodents in relation to obesity. Several lines of evidence demonstrate the important role of dopamine, in addition to other neural signaling networks (e.g. the endocannabinoid system), in the control of voluntary exercise. A largely separate literature points to a key role for orexins in SPA and NEAT. Brain reward centers are involved in both types of physical activities and eating behaviours, likely leading to complex interactions. Moreover, voluntary exercise and, possibly, eating can be addictive. A growing body of research considers the relationships between personality traits and physical activity, appetite, obesity and other aspects of physical and mental health. Future studies should explore the neurobiology, endocrinology and genetics of physical activity and sedentary behaviour by examining key brain areas, neurotransmitters and hormones involved in motivation, reward and/or the regulation of energy balance.

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Section: Personality Correlates Of Physical Activitymentioning

confidence: 95%

The biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives

Garland

Schutz

Chappell

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

376

434

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…However, it is important to point out here that when wheel running occurs for 6 weeks after uncontrollable stress, wheel running no longer increases freezing elicited by reexposure to the stressor environment (Greenwood et al 2007b). In fact, in this case wheel running actually facilitates within-session extinction of fear.…”

Section: Exercise and The Specificity Of Learned Helplessnessmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In fact, in this case wheel running actually facilitates within-session extinction of fear. Additionally, the escape deficit present in the same environment in which prior uncontrollable stress took place can also be reversed by 6 weeks of wheel running (Greenwood et al 2007b). This reversal of the long-lasting escape deficit could represent a therapeutic effect of exercise that is similar to reported therapeutic effects of exercise in humans.…”

Section: Exercise and The Specificity Of Learned Helplessnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise, Learned Helplessness, and the Stress-Resistant Brain

2008

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Exercise can prevent the development of stress-related mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety. The underlying neurobiological mechanisms of this effect, however, remain unknown. Recently, researchers have used animal models to begin to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of physical activity. Using the behavioral consequences of uncontrollable stress or "learned helplessness" as an animal analog of depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in rats, we are investigating factors that could be important for the antidepressant and anxiolytic properties of exercise (i.e., wheel running). The current review focuses on the following: (1) the effect of exercise on the behavioral consequences of uncontrollable stress and the implications of these effects on the specificity of the "learned helplessness" animal model; (2) the neurocircuitry of learned helplessness and the role of serotonin; and (3) exercise-associated neural adaptations and neural plasticity that may contribute to the stress-resistant brain. Identifying the mechanisms by which exercise prevents learned helplessness could shed light on the complex neurobiology of depression and anxiety and potentially lead to novel strategies for the prevention of stress-related mood disorders.

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“…Research shows that exercise can improve memory in different behavioral tasks (Samorajski et al 1985;Anderson et al 2000;Radak et al 2006;Chen et al 2008). For example, exercise could facilitate memory in various hippocampus-dependent tasks, such as passive and active avoidance (Radak et al 2006;Greenwood et al 2007;Saadipour et al 2009), radial arm maze (Schweitzer et al 2006), radial arm water maze (Nichol et al 2007;Khabour et al 2010), novel object recognition (O'Callaghan et al 2007), Y maze ( Van der Borght et al 2007) and Morris water maze (Vaynman et al 2004;Van Praag et al 2005). Hence, physical activity could enhance memory and cognitive function via different mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of forced exercise and exercise withdrawal on memory, serum and hippocampal corticosterone levels in rats

et al. 2015

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Evidence suggests that there are positive effects of exercise on learning and memory. Moreover, some studies have demonstrated that forced exercise plays the role of a stressor. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of different timing of exercise and exercise withdrawal on memory, and serum and hippocampal corticosterone (CORT) levels. Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, sham, exercise-rest (exercise withdrawal), rest-exercise (exercised group), and exercise-exercise (continuous exercise). Rats were forced to run on a treadmill for 1 h/day at a speed 20-21-m/min. Memory function was evaluated by the passive avoidance test in different intervals (1, 7 and 21 days) after foot shock. Findings showed that after the exercise withdrawal, short-term and mid-term memories, had significant enhancement compared to the control group, while the long-term memory did not present this result. In addition, the serum and hippocampal CORT levels were at the basal levels after the rest period in the exercise-rest group. In the rest-exercise group, exercise improved mid- and long-term memories, whereas continuous exercise improved all types short-, mid- and long-term memories, particularly the mid-term memory. Twenty-one and forty-two days of exercise significantly decreased the serum and hippocampal CORT levels. It seems that exercise for at least 21 days with no rest could affect biochemical factors in the brain. Also, regular continuous exercise plays an important role in memory function. Hence, the duration and withdraw of exercise are important factors for the neurobiological aspects of the memory responses.

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Therapeutic effects of exercise: Wheel running reverses stress-induced interference with shuttle box escape.

Cited by 67 publications

References 66 publications

The biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives

The biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives

Exercise, Learned Helplessness, and the Stress-Resistant Brain

Effect of forced exercise and exercise withdrawal on memory, serum and hippocampal corticosterone levels in rats

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