Therapeutic Effects of Atranorin towards the Proliferation of Babesia and Theileria Parasites

Abstract

Atranorin (ATR), is a compound with multidirectional biological activity under different in vitro and in vivo conditions and it is effective as an antibacterial, antiviral, antiprotozoal and anti-inflammatory agent. In the current study, the in vitro as well as in vivo chemotherapeutic effect of ATR as well as its combined efficacy with the existing antibabesial drugs (diminazene aceturate (DA), atovaquone (AV) and clofazimine (CF)) were investigated on six species of piroplasm parasites. ATR suppressed B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. caballi and T. equi multiplication in vitro with IC50 values of 98.4 ± 4.2, 64.5 ± 3.9, 45.2 ± 5.9, 46.6 ± 2.5, and 71.3 ± 2.7 µM, respectively. The CCK test was used to examine ATR’s cytotoxicity and adverse effects on different animal and human cell lines, the main hosts of piroplasm parasites and it showed that ATR affected human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF), mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH/3T3) and Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cell viability in a dose-related effect with a moderate selective index. The combined efficacy of ATR with DA, CF, and AV exhibited a synergistic and additive efficacy toward all tested species. In the in vivo experiment, ATR prohibited B. microti multiplication in mice by 68.17%. The ATR-DA and ATR-AV combination chemotherapies were more potent than ATR monotherapy. These results indicate the prospects of ATR as a drug candidate for piroplasmosis treatment.

Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review

“…Moreover, Vathsala and Murthy [138] revealed the potent immunomodulatory and anti-plasmodial effect of garlic-artemether combination treatment. They reported that this combined therapy may have a potential role in reducing organ injury and protecting against Plasmodium species by affecting NO production, suggesting novel treatment options against malaria [138,139].…”

The Pharmacological Activity, Biochemical Properties, and Pharmacokinetics of the Major Natural Polyphenolic Flavonoid: Quercetin

“…Moreover, quercetin is a potent competitive inhibitor of CYP3A4 (the enzyme responsible for drug degradation in the body) and was thus predicted to increase the serum concentrations of drugs (e.g., diltiazem) that are metabolized by this enzyme [107]. Therefore, research towards the optimum mechanism of action of natural compounds that prevents the adverse effects of plants and the development of new molecules with new pharmacological effects will continue [108][109][110].…”

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, phytochemical screening and antiprotozoal effects of the methanolic Viola tricolor and acetonic Laurus nobilis extracts

“…In vitro combination treatment of MEVT and AELN with DMA and ATV Combination therapies of MEVT and AELN with DMA and ATV were tested using the fluorescence inhibition method as reported elsewhere [40,41]. Five selected dilutions (0.25 ×, 0.5 ×, 1 ×, 2 × and 4 × the IC 50 ) of the two herbal extracts with DMA and ATV were set up in three sets of duplicate wells and the parasite cultures were incubated for four consecutive days at 37°C humidifying incubator in 90% N 2 , 5% O 2 , and 5% CO 2 atmosphere without changing medium.…”