Therapeutic Aspects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Cell Therapy with a Focus on Human Amniotic Epithelial Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: A Mechanistic Review

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of central nervous system (CNS). The mmune system plays an important role in its pathogenesis. Current treatments are unable to cure patients and prevent the progression of MS lesions. Stem cell-based cell therapy has opened a new window for MS treatment. Stem cells regulate immune responses and improve axonal remyelination. Stem cells can be obtained from different origins such as embryonic, neural, bone marrow, and adipose tissues. But yet there is a challenge for the selection of the best cell source for stem cell therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of stem cell obtained from different origins and have significant immunomodulatory effects on the immune system. The increasing evidence have suggested that umbilical cord and adipose tissue can be a suitable source for isolation of MSCs. Moreover, human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) as novel stem cell origins by having immunoregulatory effects, regenerative effects, and less capacity of antigenicity can be a candidate for MS treatment. This review discussed the mechanistic effects of MSCs with a focus on human amniotic epithelial cells, which can be used to treatment and improvement of outcome in MS disease.

Microglia-derived CCL2 has a prime role in neocortex neuroinflammation

“…Systemic administration of bone marrow-derived MSCs has proven its therapeutic efficacy in MS pre-clinical models [ 33 , 107 , 108 ] and is a non-invasive method for treatment of diseases affecting organs such as the brain. Delineating regionally dependent microglia subtypes could be of particular importance to gaining a further understanding of the heterogeneous response and the differential contribution of cell subsets to the disease.…”

Cell-Based Therapy Approaches in Treatment of Non-obstructive Azoospermia

“…Compared to cells from other sources, BM-MSCs have a high ability to proliferate and differentiate, and like all MSCs, have immunomodulating properties, but their differentiation ability and regenerative effects are greater than their anti-inflammatory and paracrine effects. Therefore, they are more suitable for regenerative purposes, but MSCs originating from fetal and perinatal tissues such as placenta - derived MSCs (PD-MSC), amniotic membrane (AM-MSCs), amniotic fluid (AF-MSCs), fetal membrane (FM-MSC), and umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) have higher properties of immune modulation and are more suitable for the paracrine pathway, especially for the purpose of immune modulation [ 58 , 59 ].…”

Activating transcription factor-2 supports the antioxidant capacity and ability of human mesenchymal stem cells to prevent asthmatic airway inflammation

“…In addition, MSCs can have indirect effects by providing growth factors, mediating cell-cell interactions, and supplying matrix proteins to modulate the microenvironment of damaged target tissues and facilitate regeneration 15,16 . In particular, the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions of MSCs are achieved by inhibiting the activation, proliferation, and function of immune cells, including T cells, B cells, innate lymphoid cells, natural killer cells, and antigen-presenting cells 17,18 .…”