Therapeutic Approaches for ADHD by Developmental Stage and Clinical Presentation

Galvez‐Contreras, Alma Y.; Cruz, Ivette la Vargas-de la Vargas-de; Beltrán-Navarro, Beatriz; González-Castañeda, Rocío E.; González-Pérez, Óscar

doi:10.3390/ijerph191912880

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(86 reference statements)

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“…[31] Pharmacological treatments like methylphenidate, atomoxetine, and guanfacine are effective for different age ranges and presentations of ADHD. [32] Animal-assisted interventions have also been shown to be beneficial for young people with neurodevelopmental disorders, including ASD and ADHD. [33] Additionally, the Quantified Behavior Test (QbTest) combined with motion-tracking data has been used to assess ADHD symptoms in individuals with ASD plus ADHD, and singledose methylphenidate has been found to improve attention deficits and decrease hyperactivity in these individuals.…”

Section: Therapeutic Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intersectionality in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Literature Review on Co-Occurrence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder – Examining Therapeutic Approaches and Interventions

Baladaniya,

Baldania

2024

IJHS

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Purpose: To examine the intersectionality between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), focusing on the latest research into their co-occurrence, potential shared mechanisms, and implications for diagnosis and treatment. Methodology: A comprehensive literature search was conducted, focusing on studies published within the last 3-4 years on the comorbidity and intersection of traits between ASD and ADHD. Findings: Results reveal high rates of co-occurrence, with 30-80% of individuals with ASD also meeting criteria for ADHD. There appear to be shared genetic, environmental, cognitive, and neural mechanisms contributing to both disorders, potentially explaining this overlap. Despite the frequent co-occurrence, ASD and ADHD present distinct symptom profiles and behavioural challenges. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice, and Policy: Cognitive-behavioural therapy, social skills training, parental training programs, and stimulant medications are supported as evidence-based approaches for treating both ASD and ADHD. Targeting common mechanisms through combined treatment plans shows promise for improving outcomes. However, more research is needed to develop integrated, personalized treatment models tailored to the specific needs of this substantial subgroup of patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. The intersection between ASD and ADHD traits warrants deeper investigation to better characterize overlapping and disorder-specific phenotypes, guiding targeted treatments.

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Section: Therapeutic Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intersectionality in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Literature Review on Co-Occurrence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder – Examining Therapeutic Approaches and Interventions

Baladaniya,

Baldania

2024

IJHS

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“…Atomoxetine has been shown to be effective in the treatment of ADHD in both children and adults [19], and its mechanism of action is thought to be the specific presynaptic inhibition of norepinephrine (NA) reuptake by NA transporters [20]. Atomoxetine is currently approved for the treatment of ADHD in children aged 6 years and older [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Atomoxetine is currently approved for the treatment of ADHD in children aged 6 years and older [21]. Despite evidence indicating the early onset of ADHD symptoms in children as young as 3 years of age and the need for interventions in preschool children [2,11,13,19], few studies have assessed the use of atomoxetine in children younger than 6 years old.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomoxetine Treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in 3–6-Year-Old Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Alsayouf,

Alsarhan,

Khreisat

et al. 2024

Children

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Atomoxetine is indicated for the management of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years. Few studies have assessed the safety and tolerability of atomoxetine in younger patients. This retrospective cohort study included 133 children aged 3–6 years who were diagnosed with ADHD comorbid with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The primary endpoint was the evaluation of the safety profile of atomoxetine. In total, 50 patients (37.6%) experienced adverse events (AEs), which led to treatment discontinuation in 23 patients (17.3%). The most common AEs were gastrointestinal (24.1%), aggression or hostility (12.8%), and increased hyperactivity (9.0%). In the 23 patients who discontinued treatment, all the AEs resolved after treatment ceased. Among the 110 patients who completed at least 6 months’ treatment, atomoxetine titrated to a dose of 1.2–1.8 mg/kg/day appeared to be well tolerated and effective. The Clinical Global Impression—Improvement score improved to 1 (“very much improved”) and 2 (“much improved”) in 62.4% and 20.3% of children, respectively, at their last visit. Overall, atomoxetine appeared to be well tolerated in younger children with comorbid ADHD and ASD. Nevertheless, close patient monitoring remains essential, and the study limitations necessitate caution in generalizing these findings to broader populations. Long-term prospective studies are required.

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“… 6 Response is often partial, 7 8 with tolerance developing over several years. 9 10 Even with drug treatment, ADHD causes particular problems in school, resulting in the outcomes described above. 11 Although ADHD medications have been shown to be effective and safe for the treatment of ADHD in the shorter term, 10 licensed ADHD medications are controlled drugs and in order to access these families must receive a clinical diagnosis of ADHD, waiting lists for which in the UK are currently backlogged.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pharmacological treatment is available and effective for some, especially in acute management of symptoms, but is not appropriate, acceptable or tolerable for all children 6. Response is often partial,7 8 with tolerance developing over several years 9 10. Even with drug treatment, ADHD causes particular problems in school, resulting in the outcomes described above 11.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the feasibility and acceptability of a school-based intervention for children with traits of ADHD: protocol for an iterative case-series study

et al. 2023

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IntroductionAttention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent and impairing cluster of traits affecting 2%–5% of children. These children are at risk of negative health, social and educational outcomes and often experience severe difficulties at school, so effective psychosocial interventions are needed. There is mixed evidence for existing school-based interventions for ADHD, which are complex and resource-intensive, contradicting teachers’ preferences for short, flexible strategies that suit a range of ADHD-related classroom-based problems. They are also poorly evaluated. In this study, a prototype intervention comprising a digital ‘toolkit’ of behavioural strategies will be tested and refined. We aim to refine the prototype so that its use is feasible and acceptable within school settings, and to establish whether a future definitive, appropriately powered, trial of effectiveness is feasible. This novel iterative study aims to pre-emptively address implementation and evaluation challenges that have hampered previous randomised controlled trials of non-pharmacological interventions.Methods and analysisA randomised iterative mixed-methods case-series design will be used. Schools will be randomised to the time (school term) they implement the toolkit. Eight primary schools and 16–32 children with impairing traits of ADHD will participate, along with school staff and parents. The toolkit will be refined after each term, or more frequently if needed. Small, theory-based and data driven changes hypothesised as relevant across school contexts will be made, as well as reactive changes addressing implementation barriers. Feasibility and acceptability will be assessed through quantitative and qualitative data collection and analyses in relation to study continuation criteria, and ADHD symptoms and classroom functioning will be tracked and visually evaluated to assess whether there are early indications of toolkit utility.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained. Results will be presented in journal articles, conferences and through varied forms of media to reach policymakers, stakeholders and the public.

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Therapeutic Approaches for ADHD by Developmental Stage and Clinical Presentation

Cited by 9 publications

References 72 publications

Intersectionality in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Literature Review on Co-Occurrence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder – Examining Therapeutic Approaches and Interventions

Intersectionality in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Literature Review on Co-Occurrence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder – Examining Therapeutic Approaches and Interventions

Atomoxetine Treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in 3–6-Year-Old Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Investigation of the feasibility and acceptability of a school-based intervention for children with traits of ADHD: protocol for an iterative case-series study

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