Therapeutic Approaches and Role of ncRNAs in Cardiovascular Disorders and Insulin Resistance

Abstract

Diseases resulting from alterations in gene expressions through mutations in the genes or through changes in the gene expression regulation could be identified through the analysis of RNA expressions. ncRNAs play a significant role in regulation of the gene expression by controlling the expression levels of the coding RNAs and other cellular processes. Discoveries have shown that the human genome is encoded with sequences responsible for the transcription of thousands of ncRNAs. Even though the studies conducted on ncRNAs are still at initial stages, facts established so far display biomarkers that confirm their relationship with certain diseases such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and insulin resistance. These studies have been facilitated with high throughput modern sequencing techniques such as microarrays and RNA sequencing. The data obtained through the above analysis are processed with the aid of existing databases, to deduce conclusions on different diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for specific diseases. This review focuses on the association of ncRNAs in disease prediction, focusing mainly on cardiovascular diseases and disorders caused by insulin resistance. The report also analyzes regulatory functions of ncRNAs and novel approaches used in disease therapeutics.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Long non-coding RNA MACC1-AS1 promoted pancreatic carcinoma progression through activation of PAX8/NOTCH1 signaling pathway

“…Normally, the tumor would remain concealed in the early stages, whereas it could progress fast; therefore, the disease of most patients is found during the advanced stage [4]. Recent findings have uncovered that approximately 98% of human genome transcripts are ncRNAs, which have little or even no protein-coding capability [5]. LncRNAs, which are no less than 200 nt in length, are dominant in the ncRNA family [6].…”

lncRNA MIR4435‐2HG promoted clear cell renal cell carcinoma malignant progression via miR‐513a‐5p/KLF6 axis

“…Recent findings have uncovered the transcription of long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) from human genome with the development of high‐throughput sequencing 7‐9 . lncRNAs, which are more than 200 nucleotides long, have no or limited protein‐coding capacity 10 .…”

lncRNA–mRNA competing endogenous RNA network in IR-hepG2 cells ameliorated by APBBR decreasing ROS levels: a systematic analysis

“…lncRNA accounts for 68% of ncRNAs (Iyer et al, 2015), but they were considered ''junk RNA'' in the genome because they could not encode proteins (Zhang et al, 2019). However, recent studies have shown that lncRNA exert critical roles in regulating biological processes through comprehensive mechanisms, including genetic imprinting, immune response, tumorigenesis, cellular development and metabolism (Liyanage & Ganegoda, 2017). LncRNAs are also involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver, and their abnormal expression may be involved in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (Eslam, Valenti & Romeo, 2018).…”