Therapeutic and Prophylactic Applications of Bacteriophage Components in Modern Medicine

Abstract

Correspondence: sadhya@helix.nih.govAs the interactions of phage with mammalian innate and adaptive immune systems are better delineated and with our ability to recognize and eliminate toxins and other potentially harmful phage gene products, the potential of phage therapies is now being realized. Early efforts to use phage therapeutically were hampered by inadequate phage purification and limited knowledge of phage-bacterial and phage-human relations. However, although use of phage as an antibacterial therapy in countries that require controlled clinical studies has been hampered by the high costs of patient trials, their use as vaccines and the use of phage components such as lysolytic enzymes or lysozymes has progressed to the point of commercial applications. Recent studies concerning the intimate associations between mammalian hosts and bacterial and phage microbiomes should hasten this progress.

Bacteriophages and phage-inspired nanocarriers for targeted delivery of therapeutic cargos

“…Further studies that led to the development of Cre-loxP a method for site-specific recombination, that could be used to facilitate peptide expression on the surface of gpD[94]. The high potential of lambda phage to allow multiple numbers of the same antigen on the surface makes it a more efficient candidate for vaccine production compared to low antigen-displaying phage[94].…”

“…The high potential of lambda phage to allow multiple numbers of the same antigen on the surface makes it a more efficient candidate for vaccine production compared to low antigen-displaying phage[94]. Clark and Marck[95] demonstrated the immune stimulation ability of lambda phage delivered via the oral administration route.…”

Structure and Function of Choline-Binding Proteins

“…In recent years, phages have again come to prominence due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance [94]. In recent years, phages have again come to prominence due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance [94].…”

Theranostic applications of phage display to control leishmaniasis: selection of biomarkers for serodiagnostics, vaccination, and immunotherapy

“…Moreover, the fi nal product consists of multiple virus copies providing high level of mimotope exposure to the host's immune system. In addition, bacteriophages are not pathogenic to humans and can replicate inside phagocytic cells (37) (48) . An important aspect of using phage peptide clones as vaccine candidates is the immunostimulatory effect of nonmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) motifs present in phage genome, which can contribute to the activation of the mammalian immune system through Toll-like receptors (49) (50) .…”