Therapeutic Advances in Diabetes, Autoimmune, and Neurological Diseases

Abstract

Since 2015, 170 small molecules, 60 antibody-based entities, 12 peptides, and 15 gene- or cell-therapies have been approved by FDA for diverse disease indications. Recent advancement in medicine is facilitated by identification of new targets and mechanisms of actions, advancement in discovery and development platforms, and the emergence of novel technologies. Early disease detection, precision intervention, and personalized treatments have revolutionized patient care in the last decade. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of current and emerging therapeutic modalities developed in the recent years. We focus on nine diseases in three major therapeutics areas, diabetes, autoimmune, and neurological disorders. The pathogenesis of each disease at physiological and molecular levels is discussed and recently approved drugs as well as drugs in the clinic are presented.

Probiotic Supplementation for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Promising Adjuvant Therapy in the Gut Microbiome Era

“…As previously described, SCFAs exert an indirect anti-inflammatory effect through improving intestinal barrier function (Bodkhe et al, 2019;Kolodziejczyk et al, 2019). Butyrate is particularly relevant in modulating inflammation, as it inhibits histone deacetylase and regulates the expression of numerous pro-inflammatory genes, inducing the differentiation and expansion of Tregs and regulating cytokine production (Koh et al, 2016;Liu et al, 2021;Liu, Tran, et al, 2018;Peters et al, 2019).…”

“…The proposed mechanism for the gut-joint axis in inflammatory arthritis is related to the hyperpermeability of the gut wall, which leads to the exposure of immune system to microorganisms, leading to a systemic immune response that triggers a local inflammatory process within the joints (Jethwa and Abraham, 2017;Liu et al, 2021).…”

Multidisciplinary collaborative consensus guidance statement on the assessment and treatment of neurologic sequelae in patients with post‐acute sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (PASC)

“…The presence of autonomic symptoms in patients with PASC should also raise suspicion of small fiber neuropathy. Identification of small fiber neuropathy could help facilitate treatment with immunotherapies, such as intravenous immunoglobulin, which has shown to be beneficial in early studies 78,79 . Focal neuropathies as well as critical illness neuropathy may be present in patients who were hospitalized with severe COVID‐19 80,81 .…”

Application of recombinant antibodies for treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection: Current status and future perspective

“…This feature has led to their successful use in therapeutic grounds, so that different antibody fragments have been generated by rAb techniques and successfully applied in different fields (93,94,101). There are more than 500 antibodies under clinical investigations worldwide for various diseases like autoimmunity and inflammation, cancer, organ transplantation, infectious diseases, diabetes, arthritis, and hypercholesterolemia, and as antidote against several toxins (61,(102)(103)(104).…”