Theory of the Maxwell pressure tensor and the tension in a water bridge

Widom, A.; Swain, J.; Silverberg, Jesse L.; Sivasubramanian, S.; Srivastava, Y. N.

doi:10.1103/physreve.80.016301

Cited by 66 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…We limit ourselves to quote the fascinating experiment of the formation of the floating water bridge [77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84] where surprisingly water gets self-piped in presence of high voltages and becomes able to flow in the absence of any container from one beaker to another. A possible explanation of this effect along the lines of the QED approach has been proposed [85].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Dynamics at the Root of Metamorphosis in Living Organisms

Giudice

Spinetti²,

Tedeschi³

2010

Water

127

116

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Liquid water has been recognized long ago to be the matrix of many processes, including life and also rock dynamics. Interactions among biomolecules occur very differently in a non-aqueous system and are unable to produce life. This ability to make living processes possible implies a very peculiar structure of liquid water. According to modern Quantum Field Theory (QFT), a complementary principle (in the sense of Niels Bohr) holds between the number N of field quanta (including the matter field whose quanta are just the atoms/molecules) and the phase Ф. This means that when we focus on the atomic structure of matter it loses its coherence properties and, vice versa, when we examine the phase dynamics of the system its atomic structure becomes undefined. Superfluid liquid Helium is the first example of this peculiar quantum dynamics. In the present paper we show how consideration of the phase dynamics of liquid water makes the understanding of its peculiar role in the onset of self-organization in living organisms and in ecosystems possible.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Dynamics at the Root of Metamorphosis in Living Organisms

Giudice

Spinetti²,

Tedeschi³

2010

Water

127

116

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“…These values are plotted against the Electrogravitational number G E in figure 8. For analyzing this set of data we employ an argument already used in the literature [31], but here it will be adapted to the present situation and further developed. The balance of normal stresses in the liquid bridge interface can be written in a simple form as [23]:…”

Section: Axisymmetric Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building water bridges in air: Electrohydrodynamics of the floating water bridge

Marin

Lohse

2010

Physics of Fluids

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The interaction of electrical fields and liquids can lead to phenomena that defies intuition. Some famous examples can be found in Electrohydrodynamics as Taylor cones, whipping jets or noncoalescing drops. A less famous example is the Floating Water Bridge: a slender thread of water held between two glass beakers in which a high voltage difference is applied. Surprisingly, the water bridge defies gravity even when the beakers are separated at distances up to 2 cm. In the presentation, experimental measurements and simple models are proposed and discussed for the stability of the bridge and the source of the flow, revealing an important role of polarization forces on the stability of the water bridge. On the other hand, the observed flow can only be explained due to the non negligible free charge present in the surface. In this sense, the Floating Water Bridge can be considered as an extreme case of a leaky dielectric liquid (

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“…Meanwhile, more groups have picked up the topic, giving first results on ion transportation [94], Raman scattering [95] and a derivation of the Maxwell pressure tensor within the water bridge [96]. Next to that, an investigation of mass and charge transfer processes [97] has recently been presented.…”

Section: Explanatory Models: Interaction With Magnetic and Electric Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the special case of the water bridge, Widom et al [96] published in 2009 their detailed calculation of the water bridge tension terms of the Maxwell pressure tensor in a dielectric fluid.…”

Section: Dielectrophoresis/electrospraymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Maxwell's treatise on the theory of electricity and magnetism [104] and to the theory of liquid hydrodynamics under electric fields by Landau and Lifshitz [105], there are pressure forces perpendicular and tension forces parallel to the electric field lines. This tension can be considered as a thermodynamic reason for the stability of the water bridge [96].…”

Section: Dielectrophoresis/electrospraymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can a Century Old Experiment Reveal Hidden Properties of Water?

Fuchs¹

2010

Water

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Abstract:In 1893 Sir William Armstrong placed a cotton thread between two wine glasses filled with chemically pure water. After applying a high voltage, a watery connection formed, and after some time, the cotton thread was pulled into one of the glasses, leaving a rope of water suspended between the two glasses. Although being a very simple experiment, it is of special interest since it comprises a number of phenomena currently tackled in modern water science like electrolysis-less charge transport and nanobubbles. This work gives some background information about water research in general and describes the water bridge phenomenon from the viewpoint of different fields such as electrohydrodynamics and quantum field theory. It is shown that the investigation of the floating water bridge led to new discoveries about water, both in the macroscopic and microscopic realm -but these were merely "hidden" in that sense that they only become evident upon application of electric fields.

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Theory of the Maxwell pressure tensor and the tension in a water bridge

Cited by 66 publications

References 29 publications

Water Dynamics at the Root of Metamorphosis in Living Organisms

Water Dynamics at the Root of Metamorphosis in Living Organisms

Building water bridges in air: Electrohydrodynamics of the floating water bridge

Can a Century Old Experiment Reveal Hidden Properties of Water?

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