Theory of mind in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review

Morellini, Lucia; Izzo, Alessia; Ceroni, Martino; Rossi, Stefania; Zerboni, Giorgia; Rege-Colet, Laura; Biglia, Elena; Sacco, Leonardo

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.994070

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 79 publications

(137 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, the RAFT could be used to test social influence on bias in individuals with primary memory impairment symptoms. Despite the fact that psychosocial problems are significant secondary symptoms in those with dementia and mild cognitive impairment (101)(102)(103), well controlled studies that test biased recall for social events in these populations are few and far between. Second, while longitudinal research is needed to test the brain-based mechanisms implicated in schema formation and its possible causal role in the expression of memory bias, the RAFT provides an experimental framework for cross-sectional studies of memory-and predictionrelated processes at numerous stages of development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Feedback Biases Emerge During Recall but Not Prediction: Relevance for the Development of Social Anxiety

Johnston¹,

Quarmley²,

Nelson³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Memory is a reconstructive process with biases toward remembering events in line with prior higher orderbeliefs. This can result in events being remembered as more positive or negative than they actually were.While positive recall biases may contribute to well-being, negative recall biases may promote internalizingsymptoms, such as social anxiety. Adolescence is characterized by increased salience of peers and peakincidence of social anxiety. Symptoms often wax and wane before becoming more intractable duringadulthood. Open questions remain regarding expression of biases for social feedback, and how individualdifferences in such biases may contribute to social anxiety across development. Two independent studiesused a novel social feedback and cued response task to assess memory biases and prediction biasesabout being liked or disliked. Our findings revealed a robust positivity bias about memories for socialfeedback, regardless of whether memories were true or false. Moreover, memory bias was associated withsocial anxiety in a developmentally sensitive way. Among adults (Study 1), more severe symptoms of socialanxiety were associated with a negativity bias. During the transition from adolescence to adulthood (Study2), age strengthened the positivity bias in those with less severe symptoms and strengthened the negativitybias in those with more severe symptoms. Biases did not generalize to predictions about social feedback.These studies support a model by which higher order beliefs can infiltrate perceptions of memory for past,but not predictions of future, social events, shaping susceptibility for social anxiety, particularly during thetransition into adulthood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Feedback Biases Emerge During Recall but Not Prediction: Relevance for the Development of Social Anxiety

Johnston¹,

Quarmley²,

Nelson³

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Moreover, the RAFT could be used to test social influence on bias in individuals with primary memory impairment symptoms. Despite the fact that psychosocial problems are significant secondary symptoms in those with dementia and mild cognitive impairment ( 101 – 103 ), well-controlled studies that test biased recall for social events in these populations are few and far between. Second, while longitudinal research is needed to test the brain-based mechanisms implicated in schema formation and its possible causal role in the expression of memory bias, the RAFT provides an experimental framework for cross-sectional studies of memory- and prediction-related processes at numerous stages of development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social feedback biases emerge during recall but not prediction and shift across the development of social anxiety

Johnston,

Quarmley,

Nelson

et al. 2023

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Memory is a reconstructive process that can result in events being recalled as more positive or negative than they actually were. While positive recall biases may contribute to well-being, negative recall biases may promote internalizing symptoms, such as social anxiety. Adolescence is characterized by increased salience of peers and peak incidence of social anxiety. Symptoms often wax and wane before becoming more intractable during adulthood. Open questions remain regarding how and when biases for social feedback are expressed and how individual differences in biases may contribute to social anxiety across development. Two studies used a social feedback and cued response task to assess biases about being liked or disliked when retrieving memories vs. making predictions. Findings revealed a robust positivity bias about memories for social feedback, regardless of whether memories were true or false. Moreover, memory bias was associated with social anxiety in a developmentally sensitive way. Among adults (study 1), more severe symptoms of social anxiety were associated with a negativity bias. During the transition from adolescence to adulthood (study 2), age strengthened the positivity bias in those with less severe symptoms and strengthened the negativity bias in those with more severe symptoms. These patterns of bias were isolated to perceived memory retrieval and did not generalize to predictions about social feedback. These results provide initial support for a model by which schemas may infiltrate perceptions of memory for past, but not predictions of future, social events, shaping susceptibility for social anxiety, particularly during the transition into adulthood.

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“…Specifically, assessing Theory of Mind (ToM) ability is important for tracking disease progression [41,42]. However, there is a wide variety of tests currently used to investigate ToM, and this heterogeneity can pose a limitation to the field, potentially leading to ambiguous results: the affective and cognitive aspects are often assessed separately, using different instruments, and not all studies examine both components [43].…”

Section: The Importance Of Tom Evaluation In MCImentioning

confidence: 99%

Theory of Mind and Executive Functions in Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Healthy Aging

Clemente,

Gasparre,

Alfeo

et al. 2023

Brain Sciences

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Social cognition involves skills for maintaining harmonious personal and social relationships throughout life. Social cognition issues, including Theory of Mind (ToM), can significantly impact the well-being of older individuals and intensify with the onset of neurological conditions. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a state between healthy and pathological neurocognitive aging, where monitoring social functions is crucial. Despite numerous studies on ToM challenges in older adults and cognitive disorders, the underlying mechanisms remain debated. Uncertainty exists regarding whether ToM deficits are related to other cognitive functions, such as Executive Functions (EFs). Our study examined the correlation between EF and ToM performance in 32 MCI patients and 36 healthy elderly controls. The findings revealed a link between EF and ToM performance among healthy elderly individuals. Specifically, within the assessed EFs, the role of the working memory (WM) emerged. The study also highlighted distinctions between the MCI group and the healthy elderly group, showing that despite a general reduction in cognitive performance, the condition could impact these abilities in different ways. The study contributes to the literature, fostering comprehension of the mechanisms underlying ToM difficulties, while also paving the way for targeted interventions and enhanced clinical or preventative care.

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Theory of mind in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review

Cited by 7 publications

References 79 publications

Social Feedback Biases Emerge During Recall but Not Prediction: Relevance for the Development of Social Anxiety

Social Feedback Biases Emerge During Recall but Not Prediction: Relevance for the Development of Social Anxiety

Social feedback biases emerge during recall but not prediction and shift across the development of social anxiety

Theory of Mind and Executive Functions in Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Healthy Aging

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