Theory of Dilute Macromolecular Solutions

Isihara, A.; Guth, Eugene

doi:10.1007/bfb0051283

Cited by 9 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 62 publications

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“…It is possible that there may not be a full response to the theory of dilute solutions for macromolecules in vitro and in vivo. However, this area has been researched and several publications detail theoretical justifications for actual molecular behaviour (Isihara and Guth 1967 ; Wills et al 1993 ). It is relevant that glycogen as a macromolecule has such a large molecular mass in the order of 10 5 –10 6 , depending on actual layering to approach a finite limit.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The availability of water associated with glycogen during dehydration: a reservoir or raindrop?

2017

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PurposeThis study evaluated whether glycogen-associated water is a protected entity not subject to normal osmotic homeostasis. An investigation into practical and theoretical aspects of the functionality of this water as a determinant of osmolality, dehydration, and glycogen concentration was undertaken.MethodsIn vitro experiments were conducted to determine the intrinsic osmolality of glycogen–potassium phosphate mixtures as would be found intra-cellularly at glycogen concentrations of 2% for muscle and 5 and 10% for liver. Protected water would not be available to ionic and osmotic considerations, whereas free water would obey normal osmotic constraints. In addition, the impact of 2 L of sweat loss in situations of muscle glycogen repletion and depletion was computed to establish whether water associated with glycogen is of practical benefit (e.g., to increase “available total body water”).ResultsThe osmolality of glycogen–potassium phosphate mixtures is predictable at 2% glycogen concentration (predicted 267, measured 265.0 ± 4.7 mOsmol kg−1) indicating that glycogen-associated water is completely available to all ions and is likely part of the greater osmotic system of the body. At higher glycogen concentrations (5 and 10%), there was a small amount of glycogen water (~ 10–20%) that could be considered protected. However, the majority of the glycogen-associated water behaved to normal osmotic considerations. The theoretical exercise of selective dehydration (2 L) indicated a marginal advantage to components of total body water such as plasma volume (1.57% or 55 mL) when starting exercise glycogen replete.ConclusionGlycogen-associated water does not appear to be a separate reservoir and is not able to uniquely replete water loss during dehydration.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The availability of water associated with glycogen during dehydration: a reservoir or raindrop?

2017

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Preparation of chelating fabrics by radiation‐induced grafting of itaconic acid and acrylonitrile onto polypropylene nonwoven fabrics and subsequent amination of graft copolymer

Nho

Jeun

et al. 2010

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A mixture of acrylonitrile (AN) and itaconic acid (IA) was cografted onto polypropylene (PP) nonwoven fabrics by preirradiation method. The effects of graft polymerization conditions such as temperature, reaction time, Mohr's salt concentration, solvent mixture ratio, and comonomer composition on the total grafting yield were investigated. The addition of AN as a comonomer increased the amount of IA that reacted with PP fabrics. An increase in the temperature from 40 to 60 C increased the grafting rate, but the final grafting yield decreased at high temperature. The addition of 0.01 wt % Mohr's salt to the reaction medium leaded to a sharp increase of grafting yield. The accelerative effect of solvent medium on the grating yield was higher in dimethylformamide (DMF) and methanol mixtures, when compared with DMF or methanol. Chelating fabrics was synthesized by subsequent amination of grafted fabric with ethylene diamine (EDA) and phenylhydrazine (PH). The conversion yield reached maximum value at about 90% for 80% PP-g-AN-IA fabrics at 90 C. At same amination conditions, the conversion yield is higher when PP-g-AN-IA fabrics react with EDA compared with PH. FT-IR data indicate that amine groups were introduced onto PP-g-AN-IA fabric through amide linkage between grafted AN or IA and EDA or PH .

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Eco‐Friendly Synthesis of Hydrogels from Starch, Citric Acid, and Itaconic Acid: Swelling Capacity and Metal Chelation Properties

et al. 2020

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In this study, eco‐friendly superabsorbent hydrogels are prepared by the grafting and crosslinking reactions of itaconic acid and citric acid with starch, using potassium persulfate as the free radical initiator. The structure and morphology of the hydrogels are studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The effect of the citric acid to starch ratio on the swelling properties is evaluated, and it is found that equal parts of citric acid and starch produced the highest swelling ratio of 188 g distilled water per g hydrogel. The hydrogels also exhibit pH‐dependent behavior, such that the maximum swelling ratio of 232 g/g is obtained at pH 8. Finally, the metal chelation properties of the hydrogel are tested in solutions of copper, nickel, and zinc, and the adsorption capacity followed the trend Cu > Ni > Zn based on the Freundlich parameter KF.

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Theory of Dilute Macromolecular Solutions

Cited by 9 publications

References 62 publications

The availability of water associated with glycogen during dehydration: a reservoir or raindrop?

The availability of water associated with glycogen during dehydration: a reservoir or raindrop?

Preparation of chelating fabrics by radiation‐induced grafting of itaconic acid and acrylonitrile onto polypropylene nonwoven fabrics and subsequent amination of graft copolymer

Eco‐Friendly Synthesis of Hydrogels from Starch, Citric Acid, and Itaconic Acid: Swelling Capacity and Metal Chelation Properties

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