Theory and recent applications of coacervate-based extraction techniques

Experimental design for the optimization of coacervative extraction of brilliant green in water samples using anionic surfactant

“…Nonionic surfactants, such as Triton X-100 and Triton X-114, have been widely used as the extracting agents for various compounds (Liu et al 2007;Niazi et al 2007). Recently, coacervative extraction method (CAE) has been used for the extraction of various organic compounds and metal ions from environmental and biological liquid samples which is similar to CPE procedure (Yazdi 2011;Ballesteros-Gomez et al 2010;Rubio and Perez-Bendito 2003;Bahram et al 2015;Kukusamude et al 2016;Hagarova et al 2013;Melnyk et al 2014Melnyk et al , 2015Zhao et al 2017;Xu et al 2017), but it should be noted that CPE involves the phase separation of neutrally charged (nonionic or zwitterionic) surfactants induced by the temperature, while CAE involves phase separation of ionic amphiphiles induced by other parameters (e.g., addition of electrolytes, pH change, addition of organic co-solvents, or simple mixing of oppositely charged amphiphiles) (Yazdi 2011). In CPE methods, high temperatures (sometimes > 70 °C) may affect the stability of the compounds of interest, but in the CAE method the clouding phenomenon can occur with anionic surfactants at low temperature and this procedure had no effect on the stability of the compounds (Shemirani et al 2004;Sicilia et al 2002).…”

Dynamic Synthetic Cells Based on Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation

“…The ATPS is made of PEG and dextran doped with fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled PEG (cyan) and rhodamine-isothiocyanate (RITC)-tagged dextran (magenta); the complex coacervate droplets are assembled from polyethyleneimine (PEI) and DNA doped with FITC-tagged DNA and RITC-labelled PEI.C)Schematic phase diagram for ATPS systems, showing phase separation above thresholdconcentrationsofp olymers. [31] The ease of coacervate formation and the diversity of assembly blocks have provided applicationsi n areas as diverse as food thickening, [32] cosmetic [33] or pharmaceutical [25b] formulations,p rotein purification, [34] wastewater treatment [35] or underwater adhesion. E) Interactionsthat might be involved inbiomolecular condensates.…”

“…[20,29,30] These factors, together with the chemical natureso ft he speciesi nvolved (long polyelectrolytes or small molecules), influence the material properties of the coacervate phase produced, including the rheological and interfacial properties. [31] The ease of coacervate formation and the diversity of assembly blocks have provided applicationsi n areas as diverse as food thickening, [32] cosmetic [33] or pharmaceutical [25b] formulations,p rotein purification, [34] wastewater treatment [35] or underwater adhesion. [36] In the mid-1920s, Oparin became the first to suggest that liquid-like microdroplets formed by complex coacervationi n water could have played ak ey role in the emergence of the first metabolic cells.…”

Sodium Salicylate Mediated Ionic Liquid Based Catanionic Coacervates as Membrane‐Free Microreactors for the Selective Sequestration of Dyes and Curcumin

“…The properties and so the applications of the coacervates could be tailored through judicious selection of various solution conditions such as ionic strength, pH, temperature, electrolyte concentration, and also the molecular architecture of the electrolytes . Various applications such as purification of proteins, waste water treatment, sequestration of drugs, dyes and molecules with varied polarity, various formulations also depend on the above mentioned parameters . Keating and her co‐workers have explored RNA aptamer and ribozyme activities within the polymeric complex coacervates .…”

“…Surfactant based liquid‐liquid phase separation, i. e. coacervation is among the new age techniques to sequester the charged dyes. Coacervate based systems are used in food industry, cosmetics, to encapsulate and deliver dyes, ‐drugs, ‐genes, ‐proteins, in protocell formation, as protocell assembly to name a few . Garenne et.al examined the sequestration of more than 30 cationic, anionic and zwitter‐ionic dyes within the coacervates according to its surface charge density .…”