Theory and practice of energy measurement of non‐sinusoidal and asymmetrical currents and voltages

Abstract

This paper deals with the evaluation of views on electric power and energy relations in one‐ and three‐phase systems by non‐sinusoidal currents and voltages. Pragmatic approach to the valuation of relations in the network with higher harmonics and by asymmetrical three‐phase systems are derived by means of an increased loss coefficient. Results of measurement of representative large users of electric power and the practical consequences are shown.

Assessment of the Performance of Active Energy Meters Under Unbalanced Conditions

“…Simultaneously, concerns about the performance of electrical energy meters under unbalanced conditions have been researched. In 1991, the study in [9] demonstrated that unbalanced three-phase systems cause increased technical losses on power grids and indicate possible consequences on the billing for different three-phase consumers.…”