Theory and Practice of Alkyl Phenol Synthesis. <i>tert</i>-Octylphenols

Krymkin, Nikita Yu.; Shakun, V. A.; Nesterova, T. N.; Naumkin, P. V.; Shuraev, Maxim V.

doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02067

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…2-Tert-butyl-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol has been reported in wastewaters in China at one order of magnitude higher levels (Zhang et al 2007). Alkylated phenols like 4-(1,1,3,3-tetrametylbutyl)-phenol are also used for manufacturing of antioxidants and fuel stabilizers (Krymkin et al 2016;OECD 1995) and thus 2-BTMBP and 2,6-DBTMBP may also occur in lubricant additives and enter the aquatic environment during rain events as important traffic roads run alongside the Prut. Furthermore, acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), a widely used plasticizer in PVC films for food contact application (up to 30% w/w) (Jenke 2003;Zygoura et al 2011), was present in the Prut at average concentrations of 33 ng L −1 (range < LOQ-52 ng L −1 ).…”

Section: Household Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental exposure of anthropogenic micropollutants in the Prut River at the Romanian-Moldavian border: a snapshot in the lower Danube river basin

Moldovan

Marincaş

Povar

et al. 2018

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The Prut River, the second longest tributary of the Danube river, was investigated for a wide range of anthropogenic organic pollutants to fill the data gap on environmental contamination in eastern European surface waters. In this study, the occurrence of a wide range of organic pollutants was measured along the transboundary Prut River, between Sculeni and Branza in 2010-2012. Using two different analytical methods, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry, over 300 compounds were screened for and 88 compounds were determined in the Prut River. In general, the chemicals occurred at low levels. At the last sampling site upstream of the confluence with the Danube river at Branza, the highest average concentrations (≥ 100 ng L) were determined for the artificial sweetener acesulfame, the pharmaceuticals metformin, 4-acetamidoantipyrene, and 4,4,5,8-tetramethylchroman-2-ol, the antioxidants 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisol, and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-toluene, the personal care products HHCB (galaxolide), 4-phenyl-benzophenone, and octyl dimethyl-p-aminobenzoic acid, the industrial chemical diphenylsulfone, and the sterol cholesterol. Low concentrations of agricultural pesticides occurred in the catchment. At Branza, the total accumulated load of all measured compounds was calculated to be almost 19 kg day. In comparison to the Rhine River, the loads in the Prut, determined with same LC-HRMS method for the same set of analytes, were two orders of magnitude lower. Discharge of wastewater without proper treatment from the city of Iasi in the Jijia catchment (Romania) as well as from the city of Cahul (Moldova) revealed a distinct increase in concentrations and loads in the Prut at Frasinesti and Branza. Thus, an implementation of wastewater treatment capacities in the Prut River basin would considerably reduce the loads of micropollutants from urban point sources.

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Section: Household Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental exposure of anthropogenic micropollutants in the Prut River at the Romanian-Moldavian border: a snapshot in the lower Danube river basin

Moldovan

Marincaş

Povar

et al. 2018

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…2 Furthermore, it can also be applied as a synthetic raw material for octylphenol and synthetic rubber. 3 During IB dimerization, IB will also react with 2-butene (2B) to form other oligomers (DIM) including 2,3,3-trimethylpentene, 2,3,4-trimethylpentene, and 2,2,3-trimethylpentene, which contain the octane number as high as isooctane after being hydrogenated. Diisobutylene in high purity is relatively minor in industrial production since C 4 is usually dimerized and hydrogenated to become a gasoline additive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diisobutylene (2,4,4-trimethylpentene, DIB), which is formed by the dimerization of IB, can produce isooctane (octane #100) which is used as a gasoline additive . Furthermore, it can also be applied as a synthetic raw material for octylphenol and synthetic rubber . During IB dimerization, IB will also react with 2-butene (2B) to form other oligomers (DIM) including 2,3,3-trimethylpentene, 2,3,4-trimethylpentene, and 2,2,3-trimethylpentene, which contain the octane number as high as isooctane after being hydrogenated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Synthesis of Isobutylene Dimerization by Catalytic Distillation with Advanced Heat-Integrated Technology

Chen

Zhang

Zhou

et al. 2021

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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For the purpose of resolving issues of high production costs due to targeting intermediate products from tandem reaction systems in the isobutylene (IB) dimerization process with tert-butanol as a polymerization inhibitor, a potentially sustainable catalytic distillation (CD) process is proposed as the base case for efficient continuous diisobutylene production in this paper. This study covers the extensive design of the novel CD process with 99 wt % diisobutylene and 90 wt % oligomers as the final products, using a simulation-based optimization framework on the simulator Aspen Plus with a FORTRAN subroutine of Langmuir–Hinshelwood model for kinetics. Furthermore, the advanced heat-integrated manufacturing process by exploiting catalytic dividing wall distillation and double-effect catalytic distillation with/without vapor-recompressed heat pump (DECD-VRHP) technologies achieves a total reduction in energy and cost, compared to the base case with rigorous optimal CD. The results showed that the DECD-VRHP scheme performs better with the largest total annual cost saving of about 34% among the heat-integrated schemes compared with the CD process. Overall results demonstrate that the DECD-VRHP technology is a promising approach for the synthesis of IB dimerization.

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