Theory and Applications of Surface Plasmon Resonance, Resonant Mirror, Resonant Waveguide Grating, and Dual Polarization Interferometry Biosensors

Abstract

Biosensors have been used extensively in the scientific community for several purposes, most notably to determine association and dissociation kinetics, protein-ligand, protein-protein, or nucleic acid hybridization interactions. A number of different types of biosensors are available in the field, each with real or perceived benefits over the others. This review discusses the basic theory and operational arrangements of four commercially available types of optical biosensors: surface plasmon resonance, resonant mirror, resonance waveguide grating, and dual polarization interferometry. The different applications these techniques offer are discussed from experiments and results reported in recently published literature. Additionally, recent advancements or modifications to the current techniques are also discussed.

Biosensors for detection of Low-Density Lipoprotein and its modified forms

“…The energy carried by photons of light is transferred to collective excitations of free electrons, called SP, at that interface and this transfer of energy occurs only at a specific resonance wavelength of light when the momentums of the photon and the plasmon are matched (Abdulhalim et al, 2008). This condition is only satisfied at distinct angles of incidence, appearing as a drop in the reflectivity of incident light (Daghestani & Day, 2010;Novotny & Hecht, 2006). The field vectors of electromagnetic wave reach a maximum at the interface and decay evanescently with distance normal into a metal (typically gold or silver) and dielectric media.…”

“…In the Eq. 4, the real part determines the SP wavelength and the imaginary part determines the propagation length of the SP along the interface, which is responsible for the evanescent field (Daghestani & Day, 2010). According to Smith & Corn (2003) SP can be directly excited by electrons; however, they cannot be excited directly by light because they have a longer wave vector than light waves of the same energy (k light = /c).…”

“…SPR technique relies on the principle that any changes on the dielectric sensing surface will cause a shift in the angle of reflectivity, followed by a detector, in order to satisfy the resonance condition (Daghestani & Day, 2010).…”

Recent advances in plasmonic nanostructures for sensing: a review

“…7). 100,101 This change in transmitted light properties (i.e., intensity, wavelength, or angle) allows for the noninvasive detection of chemical or biochemical species of interest. In addition, by modifying the plasmonic surface with receptors, specific and sensitive SPR sensors can be fabricated.…”

Polymer integrated waveguide optical biosensor by using spectral splitting effect

“…Among various structures for integrated waveguide optical biosensors [5][6][7][8], Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) have been attracting much attention due to their simple structure, easiness for fabrication. MZI based biosensors make use of the optical interference effect for sensing.…”