Theories for the Mechanism of the Setting of Silicic Acid Gels.

Hurd, Charles B.

doi:10.1021/cr60073a001

Cited by 64 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 31 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Silica particles carry negative charges in alkaline, neutral or weakly acidic solutions, which retard the association by electrostatic repulsion [1,10]. Based on classic Derjaguin, Landau, Verway, Overbeek (DLVO) theory [12], particles repel each other at a pH above 11.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Factors Affecting Alkaline Sodium Silicate Gelation for In-Depth Reservoir Profile Modification

Hamouda

Amiri

2014

Energies

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Alkaline sodium silicate (Na-silicate) is environment-friendly and possesses water-like viscosity during the injection stage for in-depth reservoir treatment to enhance sweep efficiency. Gel setting time (t g ) and gel strength are interrelated. Factors that accelerate t g are Na-silicate content (wt%), low pH, presence of divalent ions and temperature. Pressure drop across the gel accelerates syneresis; however, the gel appeared to remain intact. Presence of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions is shown to increase gel strength. With a Na-silicate content of 4.5 wt%, for example, at a pH of 10.3 and a temperature of 20 °C, gel strength almost tripled and was reached about eight times faster at the combined tested concentration of 0.009 M, based on the average effect from the coexistence of both ions. Low-salinity water (LSW) has an ion composition of 25-fold diluted seawater, did not show precipitation, and could accordingly be a candidate for a pre-flush before the injection of a Na-silicate solution in the event of a field application. This is important since LSW for enhancing oil recovery is a popular method in oil industry. A suggested predictive tool (simple graphical method) to estimate the effect of different factors on gelation time and gel strength is presented.

show abstract

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The third challenge is to maintain gel strength for as long as possible. This is influenced by gel shrinkage owing to the amount of fluid expelled from the gel-a process known as syneresis [10]. Syneresis may cause the blocked reservoir zone to recover a fraction of its original permeability [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting Alkaline Sodium Silicate Gelation for In-Depth Reservoir Profile Modification

Hamouda

Amiri

2014

Energies

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…If correct this conclusion has great significance in oceanography if, instead of 'dialysis', we read' removal of silica by diatoms'. A similar displacement of equilibrium would be achieved under the analytical conditions of determination of silicate in sea water (Hurd, 1938;Correns, 1940). Tourky & Bangham (1936) recorded that nearly all the silica in Nile and Egyptian well waters and in dilute (20 fLg.-atomfl.…”

mentioning

confidence: 74%

Factors affecting the distribution of silicate in the North Atlantic Ocean and the formation of North Atlantic deep water

Cooper

1952

J. Mar. Biol. Ass.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

(Text-figs. 1-2)In the deep water of the eastern North Atlantic below 2000 m. the variations with depth of salinity, temperature, density, oxygen, phosphorus compounds and nitrate are quite small. By contrast the silicate content is doubled in a descent from 2000 to 4°00 m.The distinctive behaviour of silicate is revealed by diagrams ( Fig. 1) relating it to salinity, temperature, density and total phosphorus at station 2659 worked by R.R.S. Discovery II on 12 May 1950 (Armstrong, 1951; Cooper 1952, Table IV). The temperature-salinity diagram (Cooper, 1952, fig. 15, to 15°°m. only) suggests that between 1200 and 2000 m. we have to deal with simple mixing of the mean Gulf of Gibraltar and North Atlantic Deep waters. If silicate concentration were subject only to mixing processes the curves in Fig. 1 between these depths would be straight lines. They are not-consequently it would seem that solution of either particulate silica or of aluminosilicates may be occurring. As yet, clear interpretation is not possible. At least five hypotheses may be erected to explain, in whole or in part, the observed distribution: (i) solution of bottom deposits; (ii) solution of ' clay' and of silica in suspension; (ill) concentration by vertical partition; (iv) tundra drainage; (v) sinking of surface water. These are examined in turn. ' SOLUTIONOF BOTTOMDEPOSITSDiscovery station 2659 was near the continental slope, solution from which could have occurred. The results of Wattenberg (1937) and Koczy (1950), however, suggest that the converse process occurs, adsorption or chemical combination of silicate from the water into the material of the bottom or into hexactinellid sponges. SOLUTION OF 'CLAY' AND OF SILICA IN SUSPENSIONThe distribution may have come about by solutionof mineralsof terrigeneous origin. If this were so the content of aluminium should increase with depth in much the same way as does silicate, and a diagram relating silica in solution to aluminium in solution should approach a straight line.

show abstract

“…Thus, B 2 O 3 mass was the only parameter variable in the experiment, which was the studied parameter. Silica particles in sodium silicate solution carry negative charges in alkaline, neutral or weakly acidic solutions, which retard the association by electrostatic repulsion [15,16]. Based on classic Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, Overbeek (DLVO) theory [17], particles repel each other at a pH above 11.…”

Section: Effect Of B 2 O 3 Mass In Hydrated Glass On Chemical Durabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrated Na 2 O–B 2 O 3 –SiO 2 glass prepared by colloid chemistry method

Liu

Tu²,

Wang³

et al. 2015

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Theories for the Mechanism of the Setting of Silicic Acid Gels.

Cited by 64 publications

References 31 publications

Factors Affecting Alkaline Sodium Silicate Gelation for In-Depth Reservoir Profile Modification

Factors Affecting Alkaline Sodium Silicate Gelation for In-Depth Reservoir Profile Modification

Factors affecting the distribution of silicate in the North Atlantic Ocean and the formation of North Atlantic deep water

Hydrated Na 2 O–B 2 O 3 –SiO 2 glass prepared by colloid chemistry method

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About