Theories and applications of electrical quantum benchmarks

Abstract

The voltage unit and the resistance unit are the basic units in electrical metering. The Josephson voltage standard and the quantized Hall resistance standard have replaced the physical reference that was maintained by standard batteries and standard resistors. This paper investigates the working principle of voltage quantum reference, resistance quantum reference and current quantum reference. Furthermore, the applications of these new electrical References are discussed. This study provides theoretical support for the development of electricity value transfer methods.