Theoretical Issues in Psychology: An Introduction

Bem, Sacha; Jong, Huib Looren de

doi:10.4135/9781526402097

Cited by 28 publications

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“…Using existing theory ( i.e. , ‘a coherent and non-contradictory set of statements, concepts, or ideas that organises, predicts, and explains phenomena, events, behavior, etc.’ [3,14]) has the further benefits of a foundation of both empirical work performed in other contexts and methodological innovations establishing strategies for measuring relevant constructs ( i.e. , the abstracted concepts or explanatory variables on which theory is built) [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building theories of knowledge translation interventions: Use the entire menu of constructs

Brehaut

Eva

2012

Implementation Sci

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BackgroundIn the ongoing effort to develop and advance the science of knowledge translation (KT), an important question has emerged around how theory should inform the development of KT interventions.DiscussionEfforts to employ theory to better understand and improve KT interventions have until recently mostly involved examining whether existing theories can be usefully applied to the KT context in question. In contrast to this general theory application approach, we propose a ‘menu of constructs’ approach, where individual constructs from any number of theories may be used to construct a new theory. By considering the entire menu of available constructs, rather than limiting choice to the broader level of theories, we can leverage knowledge from theories that would never on their own provide a complete picture of a KT intervention, but that nevertheless describe components or mechanisms relevant to it. We can also avoid being forced to adopt every construct from a particular theory in a one-size-fits-all manner, and instead tailor theory application efforts to the specifics of the situation. Using audit and feedback as an example KT intervention strategy, we describe a variety of constructs (two modes of reasoning, cognitive dissonance, feed forward, desirable difficulties and cognitive load, communities of practice, and adaptive expertise) from cognitive and educational psychology that make concrete suggestions about ways to improve this class of intervention.SummaryThe ‘menu of constructs’ notion suggests an approach whereby a wider range of theoretical constructs, including constructs from cognitive theories with scope that makes the immediate application to the new context challenging, may be employed to facilitate development of more effective KT interventions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building theories of knowledge translation interventions: Use the entire menu of constructs

Brehaut

Eva

2012

Implementation Sci

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“…Furthermore, this probabilistic relationship assumes reliability and validity in measurements of such a degree that we are confident that our numerical representation of reality is a veridical rendering of the forces, conditions, and constraints of the real world. This confidence will, however, always be premature because of our lack of perfect measures, as well as the inherent inability of empirical science to verify or falsify any truth claims about reality in the first place (see, e.g., Bem & Looren de Jong, ; Bishop, 2007; Feyerabend, ; Gorton, ; Slife & Williams, ; Williams, 2005).…”

Section: Experimental Social Psychology and The Attenuation Of Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Generality of Theory and the Specificity of Social Behavior: Contrasting Experimental and Hermeneutic Social Science

2016

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Since its inception, experimental social psychology has arguably been of two minds about the nature and role of theory. Contemporary social psychology's experimental approach has been strongly informed by the "nomological-deductive" approach of Carl Hempel in tandem with the "hypothetico-deducive" approach of Karl Popper. Social psychology's commitment to this hybrid model of science has produced at least two serious obstacles to more fruitful theorizing about human experience: (1) the problem of situational specificity, and (2) the manifest impossibility of formulating meaningful general laws of human social behavior. It is argued that a social psychology based on the search for this kind of lawfulness, under the auspices of either a strict or loose interpretation of the largely Hempelian model, is ultimately unworkable. An alternative approach to social psychology that is attentive both to the need for understanding individual situations and behaviors and to the need for generalized understanding of actual human behaviors is offered. This approach is grounded in the hermeneutic tradition.Keywords: hermeneutics, nomological-deductive, contextualism, philosophy of science, Carl Hempel For much of its history social psychology has been of two minds about the nature and purpose of theory in the discipline. This is most apparent in (but not unique to) those social psychologies whose roots intertwine with experimental psychology rather than classical sociological theories. In fact, this ambivalence regarding the nature and purpose of theory is characteristic of much of contemporary psychology. We focus on social psychology here because social psychology, of

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“…However, the notion of actual brain science was still paid less heed to. In fact, the philosophy was speculative (Bem & de Jong, 2006) rather than scientific. Later on, scholars attempted to cross the border between philosophy and psychology.…”

Section: Need For a Biological Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

On Revisiting the Sex Differences in Language Acquisition: An Etiological Perspective

Shakouri¹,

Maftoon²,

Birjandi³

2016

IJEL

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The purpose of the study is to investigate the issue of sexual brains in language acquisition from an etiological perspective. In a sense, the etiological scrutiny of sexual brain will enhance our understanding of brain functioning in order to avoid the totally abstract assumptions pioneered by numerous scholars in second language acquisition (SLA). To achieve the aforementioned aim, the current work taking a conservative approach holds that male-female interactional differences are primarily nature-based in language acquisition, for "individuals are initially affected by biology, before societal constructs can have any influence on them" (Lewin, 2003, p. 3).

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Theoretical Issues in Psychology: An Introduction

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Building theories of knowledge translation interventions: Use the entire menu of constructs

Building theories of knowledge translation interventions: Use the entire menu of constructs

The Generality of Theory and the Specificity of Social Behavior: Contrasting Experimental and Hermeneutic Social Science

On Revisiting the Sex Differences in Language Acquisition: An Etiological Perspective

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