Theoretical Insights into the Effect of Different Numbers of Thiophene Groups on Hydrogen Bond Interaction and Excited-State Intramolecular Proton-Transfer Process for Flavonoid Derivatives

Abstract

In this study, we systematically explored the impact of varying the number of thiophene groups on the hydrogen bond interaction and excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer (ESIPT) processes in flavonoid derivatives (STF, DTF, and TTF) using the density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory methods. Initially, a thorough analysis of the optimized geometric structures revealed that the intramolecular hydrogen bond in the S1 state is enhanced and gradually weakened as the number of thiophene groups increases. To gain a deeper understanding of the hydrogen bond interaction, topological analysis, interaction region indicator scatter plots, and isosurface plots were employed. These images provide further insights that align with the structural analysis. Additionally, we observed a red-shift in the electronic spectra (absorption and fluorescence spectra), which is primarily attributed to the narrowing of the energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, as elucidated by the frontier molecular orbitals. Furthermore, a combined analysis between the hole–electron distribution and the transition density matrix heat map shows that electron excitation involves the unidirectional charge-transfer mechanism. In the end, by conducting relaxed potential energy curve scans, we found that an increase in the number of thiophene groups elevates the energy barrier for ESIPT, making it more challenging for the reaction. In summary, our study underscores the vital effect of thiophene-substituted numbers in modulating the ESIPT process, which is able to provide valuable insights for the design and synthesis of desired organic fluorescent probes in the future.