Theoretical Insights into [NHC]Au(I) Catalyzed Hydroalkoxylation of Allenes: A Unified Reaction Valley Approach Study

Abstract

Hydroxylation is an effective approach for the synthesis of carbon–oxygen bonds and allylic ethers. The [NHC]­Au­(I) catalyzed intermolecular hydroalkoxylation of allene was studied at the DFT and Coupled Cluster level of theory. Using the Unified Reaction Valley Approach (URVA), we carry out a comprehensive mechanistic analysis of [NHC]­Au­(I)-catalyzed and noncatalyzed reactions. The URVA study of several possible reaction pathways reveal that the [NHC]­Au­(I) catalyst enables the hydroalkoxylation reaction to occur via a two step mechanism based upon the Au ability to switch between π- and σ-complexation. The first step of the mechanism involves the formation of a CO bond after the transition state with no energy penalty. Following the CO bond breakage, the OH bond breaks and CH bond forms during the second step of the mechanism, as the catalyst transforms into the more stable π–Au complex. The URVA results were complemented with local vibrational mode analysis to provide measures of intrinsic bond strength for Au­(I)-allene interactions of all stationary points, and NBO analysis was applied in order to observe charge transfer events along the reaction pathway. Overall, the π–Au CC interactions of the products are stronger than those of the reactants adding to their exothermicity. Our work on the hydroxylation of allene provides new insights for the design of effective reaction pathways to produce allylic ethers and also unravels new strategies to form C–O bonds by activation of CC bonds.

Mechanistic Details of the Sharpless Epoxidation of Allylic Alcohols—A Combined URVA and Local Mode Study

“…Some selected applications including enzyme studies demonstrating how URVA unravels even small mechanistic details can be found in Refs. [82,[85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94].…”