Theoretical insight into the stabilization of triazole fungicides via their interactions with dications

Mimicking of cyproconazole behavior in the presence of Cu and Zn

“…The obtained geometries are shown in Figure . Molecular dynamics (MD) calculations of [Zn( Cyp )] 2+ and [Zn( Cyp ‐H)] + were initiated from two variants: Zn interacting with N2 and N4 of the triazole ring (analogously to Jaklová Dytrtová et al). The [Zn( Cyp )] 2+ complex with Zn(II) bound to N2 was more stable by about 49 kJ mol −1 .…”

“…Cyp belongs to the wide group of triazoles which have high affinity to metal cations creating strong (stability approx. 200 kJ mol −1 ) complexes . The pK a values of the majority of triazoles are below 2 .…”

“…Arias et al pointed out the different behavior of free and complexed triazoles in soil environment in that the sorption is increased in the presence of Cu due to the formation of binary complexes. Additionally, complexation of triazole with metal cation(s) can modify the shape and size of the triazole molecules and therefore influence the intake abilities of these agrochemicals. Another very important point is the ability of copper to be reduced from Cu(II) to Cu(I).…”

Complexation and stability of the fungicide penconazole in the presence of zinc and copper ions

“…As most agricultural soils have a pH in the range 4–8, triazoles remain in their neutral form . On the contrary, properties such as soil mobility and bioavailability are strongly influenced by the presence of other chemicals and the sorption by soil particles . In general, azoles can create complexes with d‐block elements via N4 of the triazole ring .…”

“…On the contrary, properties such as soil mobility and bioavailability are strongly influenced by the presence of other chemicals and the sorption by soil particles . In general, azoles can create complexes with d‐block elements via N4 of the triazole ring . A few other complexes also change the oxidation state of the central metal cation…”