Theoretical Examination of Some Thermodynamic Properties in In-Bi-Sn Liquid Alloy and its Sub-binary Systems

Computational assessment of Sn activities and integral excess free energy change for mixing in the Sn-Au-Cu ternary liquid alloys using the molecular interaction volume model

“…As can be observed in figures 1(b), 2(b), and 3(b), there is a more apparent divergence between experimental results and forecasts, despite the similarity of the curves' characteristics. The determined values of the model parameters A ij and A ji , which are the best fitting values, may be the cause of the observed inconsistencies [6]. It is noteworthy to note that, due to their dependency on composition and temperature, all thermodynamic features cannot be adequately explained by a theoretical model simultaneously.…”

“…Tin is generally considered non-toxic to most organisms. Its relatively low melting point makes it a preferred material for manufacturing solder [6]. Gold (Au) possesses a yellow color, is easily malleable, and exhibits ductility.…”

“…This is crucial for comprehending metallurgical processes and observing how chemical interactions occur between alloy systems and standard base materials [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Au-Sn, Sn-Ag, Sn-Cu, Al-Sn-Zn, Sn-Ag-Cu, Sn-Sb-Bi, Zn-In-Sn, Sn-Ag-Cu, In-Bi-Sn, Sn-Ag-Cu-Zn, Sn-Ag-Cu-Sb, and other combinations have all proven to be effective alternatives to traditional Sn-Pb solder alloys [2,6,[13][14][15][16]. In the prediction of thermodynamic properties within ternary and more complex systems, a wide range of geometric models, including but not limited to Kohler, Muggianu, Collinet, Chou, the Kaptay model, R-K equations, and others [17,18], find wide application.…”