Theoretical examination of solute particle vaporization in analytical atomic spectrometry

Computerized simulation of solute–particle vaporization in an inductively coupled plasma

“…Hieftje et al [18] attempted to define the transition between small-and large-particle mass-transfer-limited vaporization, and found it difficult to define an exact radius at which the vaporization process changes. Further, the same authors examined the simpler case of a constant temperature source (a chemical flame) whereas the ICP has a highly inhomogeneous temperature distribution (the temperature can vary up to 8000 K over the length of the central channel).…”

“…It was observed in the present studies that at the radius corresponding to the transition between the large-and smallparticle domains, the large-and small-particle mass-transferlimited rate constants can differ by up to two orders of magnitude. A transition under these conditions is very abrupt, and often results in a dramatic discontinuity in the particlevaporization history [18]. Here, we have introduced a third regime, intermediate-size particle mass-transfer-limited volatilization.…”

“…Hieftje et al [18] use a value of 0.02, which was chosen to give the best fit between the theoretical model and their experimental particle-vaporization data obtained in a chemical flame. Importantly, these authors were able to assume the flame to be isothermal and in LTE so that a single value of α could be used throughout.…”

“…Hieftje et al [18] offered a theoretical description of soluteparticle vaporization in a chemical flame. A combined heat-and mass-transfer model was discussed and used to calculate the vaporization rate constant of alkali-halide particles in a laminarflow air-acetylene chemical flame.…”

Sulfate and sulfide sulfur isotopes (δ 34 S and δ 33 S) measured by solution and laser ablation MC-ICP-MS: An enhanced approach using external correction

“…The plasma processes are similar for both solution and laser ablation introduction. A sample aerosol from the desolvating nebulizer or solid sample from the laser ablation system enters the plasma region and undergoes vaporization (liquid to solid to gas for solutions or solid to gas for laser ablation) followed by atomization (gas to atoms) and ionization (atoms to ions) (Hieftje et al, 1987;Dziewatkoski et al, 1996). The ions are then directed into the instrument.…”