Theoretical Energy Density of Li–Air Batteries

Zheng, Jim P.; Liang, Richard; Hendrickson, Mary; Plichta, Edward J.

doi:10.1149/1.2901961

Cited by 199 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…However, if the pore size is too large, the volumetric energy density of the air electrode decreases, as suggested by theoretical calculations. [ 33 ] Therefore, the pore size should be optimized to exhibit better performance; there is a trade-off between carbon surface area and pore size.…”

Section: Electrode Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Metal–Air Batteries with High Energy Density: Li–Air versus Zn–Air

Lee

Kim

Cao

et al. 2010

Advanced Energy Materials

2,008

1,216

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In the past decade, there have been exciting developments in the fi eld of lithium ion batteries as energy storage devices, resulting in the application of lithium ion batteries in areas ranging from small portable electric devices to large power systems such as hybrid electric vehicles. However, the maximum energy density of current lithium ion batteries having topatactic chemistry is not suffi cient to meet the demands of new markets in such areas as electric vehicles. Therefore, new electrochemical systems with higher energy densities are being sought, and metal-air batteries with conversion chemistry are considered a promising candidate. More recently, promising electrochemical performance has driven much research interest in Li-air and Zn-air batteries. This review provides an overview of the fundamentals and recent progress in the area of Li-air and Zn-air batteries, with the aim of providing a better understanding of the new electrochemical systems.

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Section: Electrode Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Metal–Air Batteries with High Energy Density: Li–Air versus Zn–Air

Lee

Kim

Cao

et al. 2010

Advanced Energy Materials

2,008

1,216

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This category was fi rst investigated in the 1970s at Lockheed. [ 47,48 ] In this system, a lithium metal anode is immersed into a concentrated LiOH aqueous solution and leads, during discharge, to the formation of LiOH, which is partially soluble in the electrolyte: [49][50][51][52] 2Li…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lithium/Air Battery: Still an Emerging System or a Practical Reality?

et al. 2014

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gas. At the same time, the penetration of renewable energy sources has opened up the possibility of creating a CO 2 -neutral mobility system, where electric vehicles are powered by wind, hydro, and solar energy.Broad fi nancial efforts are being made at a governmental and industrial level to fund research into new areas of energy storage. The U.S. Department of Energy has allocated $20 million to energy storage research in 2012 and $15 million the following year, while the German government has committed itself to ¤200 million between 2011 and 2018; [ 1 ] similar schemes are also being promoted in Japan by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). The EU-backed "Horizon 2020" program aims at funding research into energy storage technologies, a fi eld where the European Union lags behind the U.S. and East Asia. [ 2 ] Lithium-ion technology has established itself as a type of reliable energy-storage chemistry over the past 20 years, fi rst being used in camcorders, then mobile phones, laptops, and more recently electric cars. However, as the size of the battery pack increases, so does the belief that the cost per kW h and its energy density are not suitable for practical vehicle applications. The Tesla Model S, which sports a 400 km driving range, does so with a whopping 85 kW h battery pack that alone has up to twice the price of a standard economy car. With a current cost higher than 400 $ kW h −1 , electric cars have so far only entered a niche, high-end market where users are willing to pay a premium. Resizing the battery pack, and so the total cost of an electric car, results in a limited driving range (typically 100-150 km) that automatically restricts the use for long-haul journeys and triggers the so-called "range anxiety" feeling. For these reasons, the need to develop energy-storage technologies that enable at least a 500 km driving range, while retaining the same battery pack volume at an affordable price, is of primary interest for governments and car manufacturers. A Brief History of Lithium/Air BatteriesOver the years, the scientifi c community has focused its interest on advanced lithium-ion and fuel cells with only incremental improvements being made. Lithium-ion technology in particular is predicted to reach an asymptotic limit in specifi c Lithium/air is a fascinating energy storage system. The effective exploitation of air as a battery electrode has been the long-time dream of the battery community. Air is, in principle, a no-cost material characterized by a very high specifi c capacity value. In the particular case of the lithium/air system, energy levels approaching that of gasoline have been postulated. It is then not surprising that, in the course of the last decade, great attention has been devoted to this battery by various top academic and industrial laboratories worldwide. This intense investigation, however, has soon highlighted a series of issues that prevent a rapid development of the Li/air electrochemical system. Although several breakthroughs have be...

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“…36 -38 A non-aqueous electrolyte is preferred, as it has been shown to have higher theoretical energy densities than aqueous electrolyte designs. 39 Current Li-air batteries are still in the experimental stages, and the realization of the high theoretical energy densities and practical application of this technology have been limited by the low power output (i.e., low current density), poor cycleability, and low energy effi ciency of the cell. These limitations are caused by the materials and system design: (1) Unstable electrolytes.…”

Section: Li-air Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rechargeable lithium batteries and beyond: Progress, challenges, and future directions

2014

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This issue contains assessments of battery performance involving complex, interrelated physical and chemical processes between electrode materials and electrolytes. Transformational changes in battery technologies are critically needed to enable the effective use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind to allow for the expansion of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) to plug-in HEVs and pure-electric vehicles. For these applications, batteries must store more energy per unit volume and weight, and they must be capable of undergoing many thousands of charge-discharge cycles. The articles in this theme issue present details of several growing interest areas, including high-energy cathode and anode materials for rechargeable Li-ion batteries and challenges of Li metal as an anode material for Li batteries. They also address the recent progress in systems beyond Li ion, including Li-S and Li-air batteries, which represent possible next-generation batteries for electrical vehicles. One article reviews the recent understanding and new strategies and materials for rechargeable Mg batteries. The knowledge presented in these articles is anticipated to catalyze the design of new multifunctional materials that can be tailored to provide the optimal performance required for future electrical energy storage applications.

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Theoretical Energy Density of Li–Air Batteries

Cited by 199 publications

References 9 publications

Metal–Air Batteries with High Energy Density: Li–Air versus Zn–Air

Metal–Air Batteries with High Energy Density: Li–Air versus Zn–Air

The Lithium/Air Battery: Still an Emerging System or a Practical Reality?

Rechargeable lithium batteries and beyond: Progress, challenges, and future directions

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