Theoretical determination of the photon rest-mass

Photon mass and negative index of refraction

“…Notice the explicit minus sign in formula (2). Now, by taking into account that mðlÞ ¼ h=cl, where h is the Planck constant and l denotes wavelength, then from Eq.…”

“…In particular, a lot of theoretical work is needed in order to understand the physics underlying optical materials with negative index of refraction because a number of questions appear as open problems in the field in question. One of these problems can be related to certain aspects of non-zero photon rest-mass [1][2][3]. In fact, we will analyze in the following the implications of this mass on negative refractive index.…”

Estimation of the photon rest-mass from gravitational interaction

“…[1] and, on the other hand, Refs. [2][3][4]. Within the above context, we can say that a primary objective is to find an upper bound for the photon rest-mass given that this mass does depend on wavelength (consider previous references).…”

A zero-point energy approach for estimating the photon mass

“…Various approaches can be made in order to calculate an upper bound for the above mass [1,2] which, on the other hand, has been determined experimentally [3], on the basis of a toroid Cavendish balance, by evaluating the product of the photon mass squared and the ambient cosmic magnetic vector potential. In the present note, we will present a zero-point energy approach (groundstate energy for the harmonic oscillator) in order to find an upper bound for the photon rest-mass.…”

“…Furthermore, some aspects related to energy spectrum are discussed.The theoretical determination of the photon rest-mass constitutes a fascinating task which opens unexpected perspectives in several branches of physics [1,2]. Various approaches can be made in order to calculate an upper bound for the above mass [1,2] which, on the other hand, has been determined experimentally [3], on the basis of a toroid Cavendish balance, by evaluating the product of the photon mass squared and the ambient cosmic magnetic vector potential.…”