Theoretical Considerations of Photonic Crystal Fiber with All Uniform-Sized Air Holes for Liquid Sensing

Abstract

A novel liquid-infiltrated photonic crystal fiber model applicable in liquid sensing for different test liquids—water, ethanol and benzene—has been proposed. One core hole and three air hole rings have been designed and a full vector finite element method has been used for numerical investigation to give the best results in terms of relative sensitivity, confinement loss, power fraction, dispersion, effective area, nonlinear coefficient, numerical aperture and V-Parameter. Specially, the assessed relative sensitivities of the proposed fiber with water, ethanol and benzene are 94.26%, 95.82% and 99.58%, respectively, and low confinement losses of 1.52 × 10−11 dB/m with water, 1.21 × 10−12 dB/m with ethanol and 6.01 × 10−16 dB/m with benzene, at 1.0 μm operating wavelength. This novel PCF design is considered simple and can be easily fabricated for practical use, and the assessed waveguide properties has determined the potential applicability in real liquid sensing applications.

Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor for Detecting Sulfuric Acid in Different Concentrations

“…Power fraction F is the quantification of power flowing through the desired region of the PCF, and it is defined as the ratio of power in a particular region to that of the total fiber. It is expressed by Poynting's theorem as [26][27][28]:…”

“…Relative sensitivity S determines the sensing capacity of the PCF sensor to detect analytes by matching the refractive indices and is achieved by measuring the light intensity, which interacts with the analyte. It is defined as [26][27][28]:…”

“…where n r is the refractive index of the sensed material and F is the power fraction. Confinement loss L measures the degree of loss of the waveguide from the core region of the fiber, and is defined as [28][29][30][31]:…”

Theoretical Analysis of Square Structured Photonic Crystal Fibre Using the Golden Ratio

“…To determine whether the fibre is operating in single mode or multimode, the V-parameter shall be observed. V-parameter is the used to clarify the propagation modes of the fibre through calculation from the refractive indices of the core and cladding, and it is defined as [26][27][28]:…”

Design and analysis of low loss solid-core hexagonal photonic crystal fiber for applications in terahertz regime

“…Additionally, PCF could be employed for imaging, astronomy, and security applications for the reason that it is not only restrained to communication applications [12]. Moreover, it could be utilized as a sensor for various physical, chemical and biological sensing applications namely liquid [13], gas [14], pressure [15], temperature [16] sensors, etc for distinct test analytes.…”