ABSTRACT:The solvatochromic shift of the lowest singlet p ! p* electronic transition in the all-trans, cis-13, cis-11, cis-9, and cis-7 retinal isomers were computed under the influence of water, methanol, and benzene solvents. Excitation energies were calculated in gas phase and in solution. The calculations in solution were performed considering the sequential Monte Carlo (MC) /Quantum Mechanical approach. The MC simulations were performed considering the full retinal isomer molecules and 900 water molecules, 900 methanol, or 400 benzene ones. The OPLS/AA parametrization was chosen for retinal, methanol, and benzene molecules and the SPC model was used for water one. From the MC calculations 100 independent configurations were selected, with 100 solvent molecules in thermodynamical equilibrium at T ¼ 298.15 K. Average point-charges were obtained from those independent configurations for water, methanol, and benzene solvent. TDDFT and CASSCF//CASPT2 methodologies were used to compute the vertical excitation energy of the retinal isomers in different environment. V C 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 110: [2076][2077][2078][2079][2080][2081][2082][2083][2084][2085][2086][2087] 2010 Key words: retinal; Monte Carlo; solvation; excited states; TDDFT; CASPT2 Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article.Correspondence to: A. López-Castillo; e-mail: alcastil@ufscar. br Contract grant sponsors: CNPq, FAPESP.International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, Vol. 110, 2076Vol. 110, -2087Vol. 110, (2010 V C 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IntroductionA ccording to Wald [1,2], the distribution of retinal isomers starting from the photoisomerization of the, for example, all-trans retinal molecule, depends strongly on the solvent and on the electromagnetic radiation (UV-visible) to which they are subjected [3][4][5]. For example, the femtosecond time-resolved absorption spectroscopy of all-trans retinal in hexane is presented in Ref. 6. Some isomers are more stabilized by polar solvents than others, while the radiation is necessary to take the isomer from the ground to the excited state on which the rotation around a particular double bond occurs. Therefore, as a first step to better understand the isomerization of retinal, it is necessary to know the behavior of the stable configurations of retinal isomers in the ground and excited states on different solvents. In addition to the aspects related to the isomerization of retinal, its properties are also important to the comprehension of the rhodopsine and bacteriorhodopsine complexes, as the chromophore of those systems is a retinal-protonated Schiff basis.To contribute to the understand the properties of retinal molecule, we have decided to carry out a detailed analysis of the ground and low-lying 1 (pp*) excited states of the all-trans, cis-13, cis-11, cis-9, and cis-7 retinal isomers in gas phase and different solvents as, for instance, water (protic solvent), methanol (polar one), and benzene (nonpolar one). Retinal molecu...