This paper provides an overview of the principal
dynamical methods for measuring the elastic properties of the
near-surface regions of solids and thin supported solid films.
It concentrates on the most widely used surface/guided wave
methods, namely surface Brillouin scattering (SBS), laser-generated
surface acoustic waves (LSAW) and acoustic microscopy
(AM), and emphasizes the common underlying principles shared by
these three methods. It is shown how these methods obtain
elastic properties and other information such as film thickness
and density, by coupling into the various guided modes that
exist at surfaces and in thin supported films, including
Rayleigh surface waves, pseudo-surface waves, Sezawa modes and
lateral waves. At the outset, a brief introduction is
provided of surface and thin-film dynamics in the context of
surface dynamic response functions and the reflectivity of sound
incident on the surface through a fluid couplant. The main
characteristics of the various guided modes and the features
they give rise to in the surface response and reflectivity are
discussed. Following this, there are individual sections devoted
to each of the three principal methods.
This article is aimed at providing the reader with a broad
appreciation and basic understanding of SBS, LSAW and AM and the
fundamental underlying principles they share. Numerous examples
are given of recent applications of these methods to the elastic
characterization of solid surfaces and thin supported films.
Extensive references are provided to guide the reader to the
literature on experimental details and methods of data
interpretation and analysis, and to recent reported results.