Theoretical Approach of Subliminal Advertising

Madan, Angela; Roşca, Mihai Ioan; Bucovicean, Mirela

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-71869-5_19

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…We searched for articles in Google Scholar, ACM Digital Library, and IEEE Xplore from 2013 to June 2023. We reviewed title and abstract of 51 entries, among which we identified three systematic reviews on subliminal techniques (Wongtada et al 2019;Madan, Rosca, and Bucovicean 2021;Drigas, Mitsea, and Skianis 2022). Across these review articles, three subliminal techniques appeared most frequently and we then searched for analogous AI applications.…”

Section: Subliminal Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulating AI: Applying Insights from Behavioural Economics and Psychology to the Application of Article 5 of the EU AI Act

Zhong,

O'Neill,

Hoffmann

2024

AAAI

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Article 5 of the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act is intended to regulate AI use to prevent potentially harmful consequences. Nevertheless, applying this legislation practically is likely to be challenging because of ambiguously used terminologies and because it fails to specify which manipulation techniques may be invoked by AI, potentially leading to significant harm. This paper aims to bridge this gap by defining key terms and demonstrating how AI may invoke these techniques, drawing from insights in psychology and behavioural economics. First, this paper provides definitions of the terms “subliminal techniques”, “manipulative techniques” and “deceptive techniques”. Secondly, we identified from the literature in cognitive psychology and behavioural economics three subliminal and five manipulative techniques and exemplify how AI might implement these techniques to manipulate users in real-world case scenarios. These illustrations may serve as a practical guide for stakeholders to detect cases of AI manipulation and consequently devise preventive measures. Article 5 has also been criticised for offering inadequate protection. We critically assess the protection offered by Article 5, proposing specific revisions to paragraph 1, points (a) and (b) of Article 5 to increase its protective effectiveness.

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Section: Subliminal Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulating AI: Applying Insights from Behavioural Economics and Psychology to the Application of Article 5 of the EU AI Act

Zhong,

O'Neill,

Hoffmann

2024

AAAI

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“…On empirical grounds, the evidence that subliminal advertising can meaningfully and reliably influence actual consumer behavior is lacking or else is highly problematic methodologically (e.g., Madan et al, 2021;Pratkanis & Greenwald, 1988;Smarandescu & Shimp, 2015;Wongtada, 2019). Any demonstration of subliminal priming, a process on which subliminal advertising is dependent on, is fraught with methodological issues in psychological research and failures to replicate (Leins et al, 2021;Newell & Shanks, 2014;Röseler et al, 2021;Rothkirch & Hesselmann, 2017;Sand & Nilsson, 2016;Shanks et al, 2013Shanks et al, , 2021.…”

Section: Empirical Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of personalizing experiences of manipulation outside of awareness on autonomy.

Osman¹,

Bechlivanidis²

2022

Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice

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Previous studies examining the relationship between beliefs about manipulation of behavior outside of awareness and free will reveal a weak association between both constructs. That is, people reconcile the two in such a way that there is room for free will despite mechanisms determining their behavior. The present study further explores the association between judgments of manipulation outside of awareness and free will, along with other judgments (ultimate control, personal experience, concern) in real-world scenarios where manipulation is expected to occur. The aim was to examine whether the relationship between manipulation outside of awareness and free will could be amplified if personalizing the experiences of the real-world examples was emphasized. To this end, Studies 1a (N = 111) and 1b (N = 106; replication) emphasized that people could have been manipulated, and in Studies 2a (N = 106) and 2b (N = 104; replication) emphasized that they had actually been manipulated. The findings revealed that when the degree of personalization increased, so did the strength of the negative correlation between judgments of manipulation without awareness and free will. A meta-analysis of all studies (8 studies, N = 1,230) that examined this relationship was conducted to locate where (by context, by individual scenario) the relationship between manipulation outside of awareness and free will was strongest. The findings reveal that the strongest associations were found in scenarios that are most prototypically associated with the unconscious (e.g., sleep research, subliminal priming, subliminal advertising, hypnotherapy).

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“…The use of subliminal messages in marketing has been a controversial subject since the 1980s, due to ethical implications (Madan et al, 2021). While a meta-analysis carried out in the 1990s (Trappey, 1996) found that the effectiveness of subliminal advertising is very low since each individual has different perceptions, the study by Hsu & Chen (2020) found this effect quite significant, using neuromarketing techniques.…”

Section: Filmmakingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While a meta-analysis carried out in the 1990s (Trappey, 1996) found that the effectiveness of subliminal advertising is very low since each individual has different perceptions, the study by Hsu & Chen (2020) found this effect quite significant, using neuromarketing techniques. Furthermore, recent studies have found the influence of subliminal messages on the purchasing behavior of consumers, making them make purchases after being exposed to these messages in advertisements (Sofi et al, 2018), as well as indicating that the field of subliminal stimuli needs continuous research to really get a deeper understanding of how reliable this methodology can be (Madan et al, 2021). Thus, it can be understood that not only video can influence consumer behavior, but also the subliminal messages that are linked to it.…”

Section: Filmmakingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuromarketing: a systematic review

Jesus

Silva

Esmaile

2022

RSD

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The aim of this systematic review is to elucidate how the Neuromarketing field has been studied in terms of consumer behavior through experimental protocols that make use of statistics (quantitative analysis). At the same time, it aims to verify how new Neuromarketing protocols can better clarify consumer behavior patterns, as well as understand the decision-making process and how to meet consumer needs. Articles dated between 2016 and 2020 were initially collected in the PubMed, Science Direct and DOAJ databases and subjected to a filtering to remove duplicates and apply the exclusion criteria, which resulted in 13 final articles selected. Although studies suggest it is necessary to customize ads, generate positive emotions, use the image and speech of famous people and attractive packaging to be able to capture the consumer's attention, a methodological standardization is necessary among neuromarketing research so that they can be replicated and their hypotheses become capable of being validated.

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Theoretical Approach of Subliminal Advertising

Cited by 4 publications

References 15 publications

Regulating AI: Applying Insights from Behavioural Economics and Psychology to the Application of Article 5 of the EU AI Act

Regulating AI: Applying Insights from Behavioural Economics and Psychology to the Application of Article 5 of the EU AI Act

Impact of personalizing experiences of manipulation outside of awareness on autonomy.

Neuromarketing: a systematic review

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