Theoretical and Numerical Analysis of Freezing Risk During LNG Evaporation Process

Rogala, Zbigniew; Brenk, Arkadiusz; Malecha, Ziemowit

doi:10.3390/en12081426

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…The low temperature of a phase change can be a source of useful cold energy, but its utilization comes with operational and safety hazards, such as the freezing of the heating agent, cryogenic pollution and frostbite risk [63]. The freezing of the heating agent is often identified as the main risk of the LNG regasification process [64]. In stationary applications, LNG is vaporized using Open Rack Vaporizers [63,[65][66][67], Submerged Combustion Vaporizers [68,69] and Intermediate Fluid Vaporizers [70].…”

Section: Lng Regasification and Chosen Challenges Of Lng Two-phase Heat Exchangersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, mobile applications not only have specific requirements, but they also present the design of regasification systems with certain opportunities. On the one hand, reliable, volume-and mass-effective design is expected; on the other hand, it is possible to couple the vaporizer with the engine cooling system in LNG-fueled vehicles [62,[74][75][76][77], which can significantly reduce the freezing risk [64] and permits the application of direct water [62,74,75,77] or indirect water-glycol [18,37] heated vaporizers. However, in the case of marine applications, there are also other common heat sources, such as sea water [18].…”

Section: Lng Regasification and Chosen Challenges Of Lng Two-phase Heat Exchangersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquefied Natural Gas in Mobile Applications—Opportunities and Challenges

et al. 2020

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Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is one of the most influential fuels of the 21st century, especially in terms of the global economy. The demand for LNG is forecasted to reach 400 million tonnes by 2020, increasing up to 500 million tonnes in 2030. Due to its high mass and volumetric energy density, LNG is the perfect fuel for long-distance transport, as well as for use in mobile applications. It is also characterized by low levels of emissions, which is why it has been officially approved for use as a marine fuel in Emission Control Areas (ECAs) where stricter controls have been established to minimize the airborne emissions produced by ships. LNG is also an emerging fuel in heavy road and rail transport. As a cryogenic fuel that is characterized by a boiling temperature of about 120 K (−153 °C), LNG requires the special construction of cryogenic mobile installations to fulfill conflicting requirements, such as a robust mechanical construction and a low number of heat leaks to colder parts of the system under high safety standards. This paper provides a profound review of LNG applications in waterborne and land transport. Exemplary constructions of LNG engine supply systems are presented and discussed from the mechanical and thermodynamic points of view. Physical exergy recovery during LNG regasification is analyzed, and different methods of the process are both analytically and experimentally compared. The issues that surround two-phase flows and phase change processes in LNG regasification and recondensation are addressed, and technical solutions for boil-off gas recondensation are proposed. The paper also looks at the problems surrounding LNG installation data acquisition and control systems, concluding with a discussion of the impact of LNG technologies on future trends in low-emission transport.

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Section: Lng Regasification and Chosen Challenges Of Lng Two-phase Heat Exchangersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lng Regasification and Chosen Challenges Of Lng Two-phase Heat Exchangersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefied Natural Gas in Mobile Applications—Opportunities and Challenges

et al. 2020

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“…Despite the intense research on renewable resources, it is projected that 76% of energy needs will be met by fossil fuels until 2040 [2]. Among conventional energy resources (i.e., gas, oil, and coal), Natural Gas (NG) has become essential because of its low Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and increased thermal efficiency [3]. NG is the cleanest fuel with least contribution to climate change and air pollution [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Solution-Based Vortex Search Strategy for Optimal Design of Offshore and Onshore Natural Gas Liquefaction Processes

et al. 2020

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Propane-Precooled Mixed Refrigerant (C3MR) and Single Mixed Refrigerant (SMR) processes are considered as optimal choices for onshore and offshore natural gas liquefaction, respectively. However, from thermodynamics point of view, these processes are still far away from their maximum achievable energy efficiency due to nonoptimal execution of the design variables. Therefore, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) production is considered as one of the energy-intensive cryogenic industries. In this context, this study examines a single-solution-based Vortex Search (VS) approach to find the optimal design variables corresponding to minimal energy consumption for LNG processes, i.e., C3MR and SMR. The LNG processes are simulated using Aspen Hysys and then linked with VS algorithm, which is coded in MATLAB. The results indicated that the SMR process is a potential process for offshore sites that can liquefy natural gas with 16.1% less energy consumption compared with the published base case. Whereas, for onshore LNG production, the energy consumption for the C3MR process is reduced up to 27.8% when compared with the previously published base case. The optimal designs of the SMR and C3MR processes are also found via distinctive well-established optimization approaches (i.e., genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization) and their performance is compared with that of the VS methodology. The authors believe this work will greatly help the process engineers overcome the challenges relating to the energy efficiency of LNG industry, as well as other mixed refrigerant-based cryogenic processes.

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“…Mylavarapu et al [7] investigated both numerically and experimentally the straight channel PCHE. The experimental heat transfer and pressure drop data were compared with the available as a working fluid to eliminate the risk of freezing [24] and the cold channel with the supercritical LNG single banked in the cross-flow arrangement. The investigated structures of the cold channel were zigzag, zigzag with an inserted straight channel, and zigzag channel with radian.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study numerically investigated the thermal hydraulic performance of LNG in three different geometries of the cold channel in a cross flow PCHE. Figure 1a shows the straight hot channel with R22 as a working fluid to eliminate the risk of freezing [24] and the cold channel with the supercritical LNG single banked in the cross-flow arrangement. The investigated structures of the cold channel were zigzag, zigzag with an inserted straight channel, and zigzag channel with radian.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Different Zigzag Channel Shapes of PCHEs on Heat Transfer Performance of Supercritical LNG

Zhao

Zhou

et al. 2019

Energies

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The channels of a printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) can have different shapes, and the zigzag channel shape is one of the most widely used because of the relatively simple manufacturing process and low cost. However, the heat transfer enhancement of a zigzag channel is at the expense of increasing the pressure drop. In this paper, new channel shapes of a PCHE, i.e., a zigzag with an inserted straight channel and a zigzag channel with radian, were numerically investigated, with the aim of improving the heat transfer and reducing the pressure drop of supercritical LNG using the SST κ-ω model. The local and total pressure drop and heat transfer performance of supercritical LNG in a zigzag channel, zigzags with 1–5 mm inserted straight channels, and a zigzag channel with radian were analyzed by varying the mass flow rate from 1.83 × 10−4 to 5.49 × 10−4 kg/s. Performance evaluation criteria (PEC) were applied to compare the overall heat transfer performance of the zigzags with 1–5 mm inserted straight channels and a zigzag channel with radian to the zigzag channel of a PCHE. The maximum pressure drop for the zigzag channel was twice the minimum pressure drop for the zigzag channel with radian, while the convective heat transfer coefficient of the zigzag with a 4 mm inserted straight channel was higher, which was 1.2 times that of the zigzag channel with radian with the smallest convective heat transfer coefficient. The maximum value of the PEC with 1.099 occurred at a mass flow rate of 1.83 × 10−4 kg/s for the zigzag with a 4 mm inserted straight channel, while the minimum value of the PEC with 1.021 occurred at a mass flow rate of 5.49 × 10−4 kg/s for the zigzag with a 1 mm inserted straight channel. The zigzag with a 4 mm inserted straight channel had the best performance, as it had a higher PEC value at lower mass flow rates.

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Theoretical and Numerical Analysis of Freezing Risk During LNG Evaporation Process

Cited by 16 publications

References 36 publications

Liquefied Natural Gas in Mobile Applications—Opportunities and Challenges

Liquefied Natural Gas in Mobile Applications—Opportunities and Challenges

Single-Solution-Based Vortex Search Strategy for Optimal Design of Offshore and Onshore Natural Gas Liquefaction Processes

Effect of Different Zigzag Channel Shapes of PCHEs on Heat Transfer Performance of Supercritical LNG

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