Theoretical and experimental sensing of bone healing by microwave approach

Abstract

A medical imaging system is often required to monitor bone growth or bone healing in patients. X-ray imaging method is one of the most used imaging systems but it affects human health due to the ionizing effect of X-rays on matter. In this paper, authors investigated the healing period of a bone structure by using electromagnetic antennas. Two different design approaches were examined which are the monopole antenna approach and the horn antenna approach with the frequency bands of 4-10 and 3-18 GHz, respectively.According to simulation results of the first scenario, radius change of a circular bone from 1 to 8 mm causes a transmission reduction from À13.5 dB to À20 dB at 7 GHz. In the second scenario, the thickness of the bone changed from 0.05 to 20 mm and the corresponding transmission value is reduced from À5 to À25 dB at 10 GHz of constant frequency. All these two approaches showed that the bone variation with time changes the transmission characteristics of detector antennas at the operating frequencies. In the last step of this study, an experimental measurement is carried out by using two opposite horn antennas and a planar bone structure in microwave laboratory. The measured results are in a good agreement with the simulated results in the second scenario. This study gives an opportunity to determine bone healing periods in medical applications by microwave techniques.

Aerogel-Based Materials in Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering—A Review with Future Implications

“…The existing devices and therapies have already demonstrated certain aspects of the concept. For instance, microwave devices are employed for the sensing the bone-healing process [ 202 ], and low-dose microwaves have also been tested to promote bone healing [ 203 , 204 ]. Electrical stimulation has been extensively studied in bone therapy [ 205 ], while infrared laser has been found to aid in bone healing when combined with bone morphogenetic protein [ 206 ].…”

Aerogel Hybrids and Nanocomposites

“…The existing devices and therapies have already demonstrated certain aspects of the concept. For instance, microwave devices are employed for the sensing the bonehealing process [202], and low-dose microwaves have also been tested to promote bone healing [203,204]. Electrical stimulation has been extensively studied in bone therapy [205], while infrared laser has been found to aid in bone healing when combined with bone morphogenetic protein [206].…”

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On the Experimental Investigation of Bone Fracture Recovery Process Using an Ultra-Wideband Planar Monopole Antenna

“…However, the reported system depends on the impedance variation. If the impedance is minimal, then diferentiation between them is a difcult task [12][13][14][15][16].…”