Theoretical and Experimental Opening Sizes of Heat-Bonded Geotextiles

Abstract

The structure of nonwoven heat-bonded geotextiles is analyzed using a geometrical probability approach. An expression of the pore size distribution of these filters is derived from basic manufacturing parameters. Two experimental techniques used to evaluate fabric opening size—dry sieving of glass beads and hydrodynamic sieving of soils—are investigated and the results compared to the calculated opening size obtained using the pore size distribution equation. Excellent agreement has been found between the calculated opening size and the filtration opening size measured with the hydro dynamic sieving technique.

Discussion of “A new suction method for the measurement of pore size distribution of filter layer in permeable formwork” by Zhenghong Tian, Xiaodong Wang and Xudong Chen

“…The authors have also predicted the pore size distribution of these permeable frameworks in the form of nonwovens using the existing theories available in the literature [1][2][3]. The authors have mentioned that our model has overestimated their experimental results of pore size distribution of nonwoven materials [2].…”

Anodic Dissolution Behavior of Zirconium in n-Butanol Solutions Containing Buⁿ₄NBr

“…The lack of active dissolution can be attributed to passivation due to the presence of a passive film on the zirconium surface. Zirconium has a remarkable capability to form zirconium oxide in an oxygen-containing environment, such as O 2 , H 2 O and CO 2 . 18 This capability is less conditional than that of most other passive metals.…”

“…[1][2][3] It is usually prepared by chemical vapor deposition of zirconium alkoxide, an important precursor for zirconium oxide. 4,5 The most commonly used, technically simple and economically viable preparation of zirconium alkoxide generally proceeds from zirconium tetracholoride with ethyl formate and dry ammonia.…”

Electrochemical Synthesis of Zirconium n-Butoxide

“…[1][2][3] Several methods are available to prepare zirconium oxide film such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), ionized physical vapor deposition, 4 and atomic layer deposition. 5 Among these, CVD is the most promising method because it provides good step coverage, low probability of defective films, the possibility of deposition of films on substrates with large areas, and low damage to substrates.…”