Thematic Review Series: Skin Lipids. Antimicrobial lipids at the skin surface

Drake, David R.; Brogden, Kim A.; Dawson, Deborah V.; Wertz, Philip W.

doi:10.1194/jlr.r700016-jlr200

Cited by 272 publications

(231 citation statements)

References 82 publications

(107 reference statements)

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“…Histone H4 may be a major component of the antimicrobial action of human sebocytes; its release may play an important role in skin innate immunity [123]. On the other hand, sebaceous fatty acids exhibit antibacterial and antifungal properties [121,[124][125][126] and enhance the innate immune defence of human sebocytes by upregulating hBD-2 expression [121,127].…”

Section: Antimicrobial Peptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond acne: Current aspects of sebaceous gland biology and function

Zouboulis¹,

Picardo

Qiang

et al. 2016

Rev Endocr Metab Disord

115

112

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The sebaceous gland is mostly found in association with a hair follicle. Its traditional function is the holocrine production of sebum, a complex mixture of lipids, cell debris, and other rather poorly characterized substances. Due to the gland central role in acne pathogenesis, early research had focused on its lipogenic activity. Less-studied aspects of the sebaceous gland, such as stem cell biology, the regulation of cellular differentiation by transcription factors, the significance of specific lipid fractions, the endocrine and specially the neuroendocrine role of the sebaceous gland, and its contribution to the innate immunity, the detoxification of the skin and skin aging have recently attracted the attention of researchers from different disciplines. Here, we summarize recent, multidisciplinary progress in sebaceous gland research and discuss how sebaceous gland research may stimulate the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting specific molecular pathways of the pathogenesis of skin diseases.

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Section: Antimicrobial Peptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond acne: Current aspects of sebaceous gland biology and function

Zouboulis¹,

Picardo

Qiang

et al. 2016

Rev Endocr Metab Disord

115

112

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“…Lauric and sapienic (C16:1) acids deriving from triglycerides (TGC) and covering the surface of human skin, are associated with antimicrobial action [46]. Thus FFAs naturally present on skin surface might affect the TOF-SIMS analysis of externally applied fatty acids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studying the penetration of fatty acids into human skin by ex vivo TOF-SIMS imaging

et al. 2013

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Fatty acids classified as chemical penetration enhancers (CPEs) might cause the fluidization and perturbation of stratum corneum (SC) lipid matrix. The penetration of oleic, linoleic, lauric and capric acids into human skin was studied by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) imaging and related to fatty acids enhancing effect on lipophilic model drug tolnaftate penetration into human epidermis and dermis ex vivo. Fatty acid enhancing effect on tolnaftate penetration into human skin was evaluated using Bronaugh-type flow-through diffusion cells. After in vitro penetration studies visualization and spatial localization of fatty acid molecules in human skin were performed using TOF-SIMS. Penetration of oleic, linoleic, lauric and capric acids into human skin was compared to the control skin sections by ion images and intensity profiles. Only oleic acid significantly (P<0.05) enhanced tolnaftate penetration into epidermis (enhancing ratio equal to 1.867). CPE might have no effect on model drug penetration enhancement, but might penetrate itself into the skin.

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“…48 Indeed, free fatty acids are thought to play an important role in the innate immune system, defending against potential pathogens particularly in the skin and mucous membranes. 49 The exact mechanism of the antimicrobial action of free fatty acids remains unclear; however, the main target appears to be the cell membrane. There has been a suggestion that free fatty acids may disrupt the electron transport chain or interfere with oxidative phosphorylation, or may lead to increased fluidity of the membrane which can ultimately lead to instability and cell lysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of the growth ofBacillus subtilisDSM10 by a newly discovered antibacterial protein from the soil metagenome

et al. 2015

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(2015) Inhibition of the growth of Bacillussubtilis DSM10 by a newly discovered antibacterial protein from the soil metagenome, Bioengineered, 6:2, 89-98, DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2015 A functional metagenomics based approach exploiting the microbiota of suppressive soils from an organic field site has succeeded in the identification of a clone with the ability to inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis DSM10. Sequencing of the fosmid identified a putative b-lactamase-like gene abgT. Transposon mutagenesis of the abgT gene resulted in a loss in ability to inhibit the growth of B. subtilis DSM10. Further analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of AbgT revealed moderate homology to esterases, suggesting that the protein may possess hydrolytic activity. Weak lipolytic activity was detected; however the clone did not appear to produce any b-lactamase activity. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the protein is a member of the family VIII group of lipase/esterases and clusters with a number of proteins of metagenomic origin. The abgT gene was sub-cloned into a protein expression vector and when introduced into the abgT transposon mutant clones restored the ability of the clones to inhibit the growth of B. subtilis DSM10, clearly indicating that the abgT gene is involved in the antibacterial activity. While the precise role of this protein has yet to fully elucidated, it may be involved in the generation of free fatty acid with antibacterial properties. Thus functional metagenomic approaches continue to provide a significant resource for the discovery of novel functional proteins and it is clear that hydrolytic enzymes, such as AbgT, may be a potential source for the development of future antimicrobial therapies.

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Thematic Review Series: Skin Lipids. Antimicrobial lipids at the skin surface

Cited by 272 publications

References 82 publications

Beyond acne: Current aspects of sebaceous gland biology and function

Beyond acne: Current aspects of sebaceous gland biology and function

Studying the penetration of fatty acids into human skin by ex vivo TOF-SIMS imaging

Inhibition of the growth ofBacillus subtilisDSM10 by a newly discovered antibacterial protein from the soil metagenome

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