Theileria parva infection in calves causes massive lymphocyte death in the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes without initial proliferation

Mbassa, G.K.; Kipanyula, Maulilio J.; Mellau, L. S. B.; Mwamakali, E.D.; Bulegeya, F.R.; Kauto-Mboni, K.

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.07.010

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Small numbers of infected cattle develop neurologic signs (turning sickness), due to blockage of cerebral vessels by clusters of parasitized cells. Clinicopathologic changes described in end-stage disease include severe leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, lymphocytolysis in lymphoid tissues and hemorrhage [ 6 , 7 ]. The causes of leukopenia, which involves both lymphoid and myeloid cells, are unclear but likely include rupture of infected lymphocytes during merozoite production, and lysis of uninfected cells in lymphoid tissues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

East Coast Fever Caused by Theileria parva Is Characterized by Macrophage Activation Associated with Vasculitis and Respiratory Failure

et al. 2016

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Respiratory failure and death in East Coast Fever (ECF), a clinical syndrome of African cattle caused by the apicomplexan parasite Theileria parva, has historically been attributed to pulmonary infiltration by infected lymphocytes. However, immunohistochemical staining of tissue from T. parva infected cattle revealed large numbers of CD3- and CD20-negative intralesional mononuclear cells. Due to this finding, we hypothesized that macrophages play an important role in Theileria parva disease pathogenesis. Data presented here demonstrates that terminal ECF in both Holstein and Boran cattle is largely due to multisystemic histiocytic responses and resultant tissue damage. Furthermore, the combination of these histologic changes with the clinical findings, including lymphadenopathy, prolonged pyrexia, multi-lineage leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia is consistent with macrophage activation syndrome. All animals that succumbed to infection exhibited lymphohistiocytic vasculitis of small to medium caliber blood and lymphatic vessels. In pulmonary, lymphoid, splenic and hepatic tissues from Holstein cattle, the majority of intralesional macrophages were positive for CD163, and often expressed large amounts of IL-17. These data define a terminal ECF pathogenesis in which parasite-driven lymphoproliferation leads to secondary systemic macrophage activation syndrome, mononuclear vasculitis, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure and death. The accompanying macrophage phenotype defined by CD163 and IL-17 is presented in the context of this pathogenesis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

East Coast Fever Caused by Theileria parva Is Characterized by Macrophage Activation Associated with Vasculitis and Respiratory Failure

et al. 2016

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“…of Mbassa et al (2006). The immense lymphocyte depletion and necrosis in lymph nodes and spleen in this study led to the conclusion that Theileria in sheep is lympho-degenerative and lympho-destructive rather than lympho-proliferative.…”

Section: Acknowledgementmentioning

confidence: 62%

Comparative pathological changes in sheep infected with Theileria annulata and non-infected control

Akhter

Aslam

Rehman

et al. 2018

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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The hematological, serum biochemical and histopathological variations were compared in sheep naturally infected with Theileria annulata and healthy control group. Peripheral blood smears of 300 suspected sheep were observed for the presence of Theileria by microscopy (24%) and confirmed through PCR (34%). The PCR confirmed samples were used for further studies and showed significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte counts, total leukocyte count, serum total proteins, creatinine and glucose (P < 0.05) as compared to healthy control. Similarly a significant increase was recorded in Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P< 0.05) as compared to non-infected sheep. Histopathological changes revealed edema and severe depletion of lymphocytes in lymph nodes. The present study concluded that ovine theileriosis was linked with some pathological alterations in blood and tissues which could be helpful in the diagnosis of disease.

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“…These changes culminate in respiratory failure and death of the affected bovine, a hallmark of severe ECF (Fry et al., ). In addition to pulmonary changes, animals that succumb to ECF also exhibit marked lymphocyte death within all lymphoid tissues (Mbassa et al., ). These findings, coupled with the observation that acute ECF leads to severe peripheral blood lymphocyte decline, rather than expansion (Fry et al., ; Irvin & Mwamachi, ) as one would expect in a lymphocytic tumour‐like disease, support the assertion that non‐lymphoid components of the immune response play a significant role in ECF mortality.…”

Section: The Immunopathology Of Theileria Parva Infection and Live Vamentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of recent research on Theileria parva : Implications for the infection and treatment vaccination method for control of East Coast fever

Bishop

Odongo

Ahmed

et al. 2020

Transbound Emerg Dis

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The infection and treatment (ITM) live vaccination method for control of Theileria parva infection in cattle is increasingly being adopted, particularly in Maasai pastoralist systems. Several studies indicate positive impacts on human livelihoods. Importantly, the first detailed protocol for live vaccine production at scale has recently been published. However, quality control and delivery issues constrain vaccination sustainability and deployment. There is evidence that the distribution of T. parva is spreading from endemic areas in East Africa, North into Southern Sudan and West into Cameroon, probably as a result of anthropogenic movement of cattle. It has also recently been demonstrated that in Kenya, T. parva derived from cape buffalo can ‘breakthrough’ the immunity induced by ITM. However, in Tanzania, breakthrough has not been reported in areas where cattle co‐graze with buffalo. It has been confirmed that buffalo in northern Uganda national parks are not infected with T. parva and R. appendiculatus appears to be absent, raising issues regarding vector distribution. Recently, there have been multiple field population genetic studies using variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) sequences and sequencing of antigen genes encoding targets of CD8+ T‐cell responses. The VNTR markers generally reveal high levels of diversity. The antigen gene sequences present within the trivalent Muguga cocktail are relatively conserved among cattle transmissible T. parva populations. By contrast, greater genetic diversity is present in antigen genes from T. parva of buffalo origin. There is also evidence from several studies for transmission of components of stocks present within the Muguga cocktail, into field ticks and cattle following induction of a carrier state by immunization. In the short term, this may increase live vaccine effectiveness, through a more homogeneous challenge, but the long‐term consequences are unknown.

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Theileria parva infection in calves causes massive lymphocyte death in the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes without initial proliferation

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

East Coast Fever Caused by Theileria parva Is Characterized by Macrophage Activation Associated with Vasculitis and Respiratory Failure

East Coast Fever Caused by Theileria parva Is Characterized by Macrophage Activation Associated with Vasculitis and Respiratory Failure

Comparative pathological changes in sheep infected with Theileria annulata and non-infected control

A review of recent research on Theileria parva : Implications for the infection and treatment vaccination method for control of East Coast fever

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