Theaflavin-3,3′-Digallate and Lactic Acid Combinations Reduce Herpes Simplex Virus Infectivity

Isaacs, Charles E.; Xu, Weimin

doi:10.1128/aac.00659-13

Cited by 28 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…This high stability allows it to be a suitable topical antiviral agent in vaginal pH (Jhoo et al, 2005). In addition, a recent study has shown that the combination of TF3 and lactic acid may be an effective way to inactivate HSV in the vaginal area, confirming the results seen here (Isaacs and Xu, 2013). Finally, the current market anti-herpetic medications are highly costly, making TF3 a plausible, affordable solution for treatment and prevention of HSV infections.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Antiviral activity of theaflavin digallate against herpes simplex virus type 1

Oliveira

Prince

et al. 2015

Antiviral Research

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Tea is the second most consumed drink in the world. The beneficial effects of tea have been mostly attributed to its catechin content. Black tea is derived from the leaves of Camellia sinensis plant, and it is rich in theaflavin polyphenols, in particular theaflavin (TF1), theaflavin-3-monogallate (TF2A), theaflavin-3'-monogallate (TF2B), and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3). Vero and A549 cells were used to evaluate the effect of purified individual black tea theaflavins as anti-herpes simplex virus 1 agents. With the rise of HSV resistant strains, there is a critical need to develop novel antiherpesviral treatments. Results of the cytotoxicity assay tested by MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxy-phenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] showed that TF1, TF2, and TF3 are not toxic to Vero and A549 cells at a concentration up to 75 μM. The antiviral activity of the individual theaflavins was tested by plaque reduction assay, MTS assay, flow cytometric analysis and confocal microscopy observations. The results showed that TF1, TF2, and TF3 exhibit potent, dose-dependent anti-HSV-1 effect, with TF3 being the most efficient in both Vero and A549 cells. A concentration of 50 μM TF3 and above was sufficient to inhibit >99% of the production of HSV-1 viral particles. The anti-HSV-1 effect of TF3 is due to a direct effect on the virions, and treating Vero or A549 cells with TF3 for 1h prior to infection, or treating the cells at different times post infection does not inhibit HSV-1 production. TF3 is stable at vaginal pH, indicating its potential to be a promising natural and affordable remedy against herpes simplex viral infections.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Antiviral activity of theaflavin digallate against herpes simplex virus type 1

Oliveira

Prince

et al. 2015

Antiviral Research

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“…TF-3 is considered to have many health benefits, such as, it reduces risk of coronary heart disease, viral infection and prevention of cancer [217, 218]. …”

Section: Pkc Modulation By Polyphenolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyphenol compounds and PKC signaling

Das

Ramani

Suraju

2016

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects

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Background Naturally occurring polyphenols found in food sources provide huge health benefits. Several polyphenolic compounds are implicated in the prevention of disease states, such as cancer. One of the mechanisms by which polyphenols exert their biological actions is by interfering in the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathways. PKC belongs to a superfamily of serine-threonine kinase and are primarily involved in phosphorylation of target proteins controlling activation and inhibition of many cellular processes directly or indirectly. Scope of review Despite the availability of substantial literature data on polyphenols' regulation of PKC, no comprehensive review article is currently available on this subject. This article reviews PKC-polyphenol interactions and its relevance to various disease states. In particular, salient features of polyphenols, PKC, interactions of naturally occurring polyphenols with PKC, and future perspective of research on this subject are discussed. Major conclusions Some polyphenols exert their antioxidant properties by regulating the transcription of the antioxidant enzyme genes through PKC signaling. Regulation of PKC by polyphenols is isoform dependent. The activation or inhibition of PKC by polyphenols has been found to be dependent on the presence of membrane, Ca2+ ion, cofactors, cell and tissue types etc. Two polyphenols, curcumin and resveratrol are in clinical trials for the treatment of colon cancer. General significance The fact that 74% of the cancer drugs are derived from natural sources, naturally occurring polyphenols or its simple analogs with improved bioavailability may have the potential to be cancer drugs in the future.

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“…; Aldunate et al . ; Isaacs & Xu, , ). Lactic acid also inactivates a broad range of BV‐associated microbes at pH < 4.5 (O'Hanlon et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The vaginal microbiota, host defence and reproductive physiology

Smith

Ravel

2016

The Journal of Physiology

311

243

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The interaction between the human host and the vaginal microbiota is highly dynamic. Major changes in the vaginal physiology and microbiota over a woman's lifetime are largely shaped by transitional periods such as puberty, menopause and pregnancy, while daily fluctuations in microbial composition observed through culture-independent studies are more likely to be the results of daily life activities and behaviours. The vaginal microbiota of reproductive-aged women is largely made up of at least five different community state types. Four of these community state types are dominated by lactic-acid producing Lactobacillus spp. while the fifth is commonly composed of anaerobes and strict anaerobes and is sometimes associated with vaginal symptoms. The production of lactic acid has been associated with contributing to the overall health of the vagina due to its direct and indirect effects on pathogens and host defence. Some species associated with non-Lactobacillus vaginal microbiota may trigger immune responses as well as degrade the host mucosa, processes that ultimately increase susceptibility to infections and contribute to negative reproductive outcomes such as infertility and preterm birth. Further studies are needed to better understand the functional underpinnings of how the vaginal microbiota affect host physiology but also how host physiology affects the vaginal microbiota. Understanding this fine-tuned interaction is key to maintaining women's reproductive health.

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Theaflavin-3,3′-Digallate and Lactic Acid Combinations Reduce Herpes Simplex Virus Infectivity

Cited by 28 publications

References 50 publications

Antiviral activity of theaflavin digallate against herpes simplex virus type 1

Antiviral activity of theaflavin digallate against herpes simplex virus type 1

Polyphenol compounds and PKC signaling

The vaginal microbiota, host defence and reproductive physiology

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